According to its creator, Robert Tappan Morris, the Morris worm was not written to cause damage, but to highlight security flaws. The worm was released from MIT in the hope of suggesting that its creator studied there, which Morris did not. It worked by exploiting known vulnerabilities in Unixsendmail, finger, and rsh/rexec, as well as weak passwords. Due to reliance on rsh, fixes to sendmail, finger, the widespread use of network filtering, and improved awareness of the dangers of weak passwords, it should not succeed on a contemporary, properly configured system. A supposedly unintended consequence of the code, however, caused it to be more damaging: a computer could be infected multiple times and each additional process would slow the machine down, eventually to the point of being unusable. This would have the same effect as a fork bomb and crash the computer several times. The main body of the worm could only infect DECVAX machines running 4BSD, and Sun-3 systems. A portable C "grappling hook" component of the worm was used to pull over the main body parts, and the grappling hook could run on other systems, loading them down and making them peripheral victims.
The mistake
The critical error that transformed the worm from a potentially harmless intellectual exercise into a virulent denial-of-service attack was in the spreading mechanism. The worm could have determined whether to invade a new computer by asking whether there was already a copy running. But just doing this would have made it trivially easy to stop, as administrators could just run a process that would answer "yes" when asked whether there was already a copy, and the worm would stay away. The defense against this was inspired by Michael Rabin's mantra"Randomization". To compensate for this possibility, Morris directed the worm to copy itself, even if the response is "yes", 1 out of 7 times. This level of replication proved excessive, and the worm spread rapidly, infecting some computers multiple times. Rabin said that Morris "should have tried it on a simulator first".
Effects of the worm
The U.S. Government Accountability Office put the cost of the damage at $100,000–10,000,000. Clifford Stoll, who helped fight the worm, wrote in 1989, "I surveyed the network, and found that two thousand computers were infected within fifteen hours. These machines were dead in the water—useless until disinfected. And removing the virus often took two days". He said that the worm showed the danger of monoculture, as "If all the systems on the Arpanet ran Berkeley Unix, the virus would have disabled all fifty thousand of them". It is usually reported that around 6,000 major UNIX machines were infected by the Morris worm; however, Morris' colleague Paul Graham claimed, "I was there when this statistic was cooked up, and this was the recipe: someone guessed that there were about 60,000 computers attached to the Internet, and that the worm might have infected ten percent of them." Stoll wrote, "Rumors have it that worked with a friend or two at Harvard's computing department ". The Internet was partitioned for several days, as regional networks disconnected from the NSFNet backbone and from each other to prevent recontamination, as they cleaned their own networks. The Morris worm prompted DARPA to fund the establishment of the CERT/CC at Carnegie Mellon University, to give experts a central point for coordinating responses to network emergencies. Gene Spafford also created the Phage mailing list to coordinate a response to the emergency. Robert Morris was tried and convicted of violating United States Code: Title 18, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in United States v. Morris. After appeals, he was sentenced to three years' probation, 400 hours of community service, and a fine of $10,050 plus the costs of his supervision. The Morris worm has sometimes been referred to as the "Great Worm", because of the devastating effect it had on the Internet at that time, both in overall system downtime and in psychological impact on the perception of security and reliability of the Internet. The name was derived from the "Great Worms" of Tolkien: Scatha and Glaurung.
Note
Robert Tappan Morris, the creator of the worm, is the son of Robert Morris, a cryptographer who, at the time, was working for the NSA.
The 1995 filmHackers features a main character who releases a viral attack bearing several similarities to the Morris worm: the event takes place in 1988, infects over a thousand computers, causes a massive economic disruption, and results in its propagator being fined and put on probation.
In the epilogue of his book The Cuckoo's Egg, Stoll details his efforts battling the Morris worm.
In Halt and Catch Fire, a virus that works in a similar way to the Morris worm is created to gauge the size of the network.
In the webcomic "Internet Explorer" the Morris Worm is shown as a female character who merely wants to find out the size of the then nascent Internet but inadvertently and thoroughly wreaks havoc wherever she goes.
