Myxoma
A myxoma is a myxoid tumor of primitive connective tissue. It is most commonly found in the heart but can also occur in other locations.
Types
- Table below
| Myxoma | Margin | Vascular pattern | Cellularity | Stroma | Staining characteristics | Recurrence rate | Image |
| Cutaneous myxoma or Superficial angiomyxoma | Poor to moderately circumscribed, multilobular | Scattered thin-walled vessels | Moderately cellular, bland spindled and stellate cells, variable inflammatory cell infiltrate | Abundant mucin with clefts. Up to 30% have an associated epithelial component | Vimentin; variable staining with CD34, factor XIIIA, SMA, MSA and S-100 | 20–30% | |
| Intramuscular myxoma | Poorly circumscribed merges with surrounding muscle | Hypovascular variant; hypervascular variant | Hypocellular variant; hypercellular variant; bland spindle cells | Abundant mucin with cystic spaces. Hypercellular variant has strands of collagen | Vimentin; variable staining with actin, desmin, CD34 | - | |
| Juxta-articular myxoma | Poorly circumscribed infiltrates surrounding tissue | Focally vascular | Focally hypercellular, peripheral spindle cells with occasional atypical cells and mitoses | Abundant mucin, 89% of cases contain cystic spaces lined by fibrin or collagen | Vimentin; variable staining with actin, desmin, CD34 | 34% | - |
| Aggressive angiomyxoma | Infiltrative | Uniformly distributed medium-sized blood vessels often with prominent hyalinization | Low to moderately cellular, evenly distributed round, spindled or stellate cells | Loose myxoid to focally collagenous | Vimentin, desmin, SMA, MSA, estrogen and progesterone receptor | 36–72% | - |
| Angiomyofibroblastoma | Well circumscribed | Abundant thin-walled blood vessels | Alternating hypercellular and hypocellular areas, perivascular condensations of spindled to epithelioid stromal cells | Collagenous to edematous with minimal mucin | Vimentin, desmin, CD34, estrogen and progesterone receptor | No recurrences reported, but rare cases of sarcomatous degeneration | - |
| Superficial acral fibromyxoma | Pushing to infiltrative | Mild to moderately accentuated vasculature | Moderately cellular, spindle and stellate cells with a storiform to fascicular pattern, variable mast cells | Myxoid to collagenous | CD34, EMA, CD99 | Recurrence rare and primarily for incompletely excised lesions | - |
| Neurothekeoma | Well circumscribed, multilobular | Hypovascular | Moderately cellular, spindled cells in fascicles and whorls | Nests of cells separated by collagenous bundles | S-100, EMA | 47% if incompletely excised |
1.SMA, smooth muscle actin. 2.MSA, muscle-specific actin. 3.EMA, epithelial membrane antigen.
Symptoms
Symptoms associated with cardiac myxomas are typically due to the effect of the mass of the tumor obstructing the normal flow of blood within the chambers of the heart. Because pedunculated myxomas are somewhat mobile, symptoms may only occur when the patient is in a particular position.Some symptoms of myxoma may be associated with the release of interleukin 6 by the myxoma. High levels of IL-6 may be associated with a higher risk of embolism of the myxoma.
Symptoms of a cardiac myxoma include:
- Dyspnea on exertion
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Lightheadedness or syncope
- Hemoptysis
- Sudden death
- Tachycardia or milder heartrate, i.e. 75 - 100 cycl/min
Location
Ocular Myxoma
Myxoma is a rare, benign stromal tumor of mesenchymal origin often confused with other conjunctival stromal tumors. Conjunctival myxomas are thought to originate in Tenon's capsule and can masquerade as conjunctival lymphoma, lymphangioma, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, or amelanotic melanoma.- Atrial myxoma
- Cutaneous myxoma
- Odontogenic myxoma
Atrial myxoma
Myxomas are usually located in either the left or right atrium of the heart; about 86 percent occur in the left atrium.Myxomas are typically pedunculated, with a stalk that is attached to the interatrial septum. The most common location for attachment of the stalk is the fossa ovalis region of the interatrial septum.
An atrial myxoma may create an extra heart sound, audible to auscultation just after S2 It is most seen on echocardiography, as a pedunculated mass that is heterogeneous in appearance. A left atrial myxoma will cause an increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
The differential diagnosis include other cardiac tumors such as lipomas and rhabdomyomas. These other tumors of the heart are typically not pedunculated, however, and are more likely to infiltrate the muscle of the heart. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can help non-invasively diagnose cardiac tumors. However, diagnosis usually requires examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist.