A neon-sign transformer is a transformer made for the purpose of powering a neon sign. They convert line voltage from the 120-347 V up to high voltages, in the range of 2 to 15 kV. These transformers supply between 18-30 mA; 60 mA on special order A more general designation would be "luminous tube transformer", because many other gases are used in luminous gas discharge tubes.
Types
Older NSTs are simply iron-cored transformers, usually embedded in asphalt to reduce noise. The core either has a magnetic shunt, or a gap in the iron core, both of which serve to current-limit the output, allowing them to run indefinitely in short-circuit conditions. They can also run indefinitely with no load. Iron cored varieties are quite heavy, for example a 15 kV, 60 mA device may weigh up to 20 kg. Some newer manufactured iron cored NSTs include a large capacitorin parallel with the output for PFC. This serves to correct the shift in the phase of voltage and current caused by the large inductance of the transformer. Since the 1990s, manufacturers have been producing switch mode power supplies to power neon signs. These generate the same voltage and current ranges as iron cored transformers, but in much smaller, lighter designs at high frequency. They are gradually replacing iron cored transformers in neon signs. All NSTs are designed to produce a high voltage starting pulse to a tube, then limit the current through the tube when it has started. This is opposite of most line transformers, which will produce full voltage to a load even if overloaded, unless the resistance of windings is too great to allow the excess current or until a winding burns out.
Other uses
Besides the obvious purpose of powering neon signs, iron cored NST's are often used by hobbyists for:
Lichtenberg figures can be created in wood with high voltage transformers, using water and salts to make the wood more conductive.
Because of the lower current, neon sign transformers are safer than microwave transformers which output 2100-2500 V 500 mA.
Safety
Electrocution – The shock from a neon sign transformer could be lethal. The high voltage allows a large current to flow, even with light contact against dry skin. The transformer is current-limited, but typically to a level well above the threshold for ventricular fibrillation.
UV Light – The ultraviolet light emitted from the high voltage electrical arc can be harmful to ones eyes. It is recommended that the arc be viewed through the appropriate welding goggles or at the very least a high quality pair of sunglasses.
Ozone – the production of ozone can be noticeable when there are problems with a luminous tube transformer installation. Ozone usually indicates failed secondary wiring, loose connections, high capacitance coupling, or a failing transformer.
