Neottia
Neottia is a genus of orchids. The genus now includes the former genus Listera, commonly known as twayblades referring to the single pair of opposite leaves at the base of the flowering stem. The genus is native to temperate, subarctic and arctic regions across most of Europe, northern Asia, and North America, with a few species extending into subtropical regions in the Mediterranean, Indochina, the southeastern United States, etc.
Neottia produces a racemose inflorescences with flowers in shades of green or dull pink through to maroon and purple. The lip of each flower is prominently forked or two-lobed. Some species are completely without chlorophyll and have leaves which are reduced to scales.
Description
Neottia is a genus of relatively small terrestrial orchids. Some have chlorophyll and are hence gaining their energy from photosynthesis. Others lack chlorophyll and are dependent on fungi for their nutrition. The flowering stem has a number of greenish or brownish bracts at the base. In the photosynthetic members of the genus there are also two more-or-less opposite green leaves. The flowers are individually small, in shades of green, yellow, brown or red to purple. The lip is usually much larger than the other five tepals, and is almost always deeply divided into two lobes at the end. The other five tepals may form a loose hood. The pollinia are not stalked.Taxonomy
At one time the genus was divided between Neottia and Listera. Molecular phylogenetic studies in this century have shown that species lacking chlorophyll, such as Neottia nidus-avis, evolved within a larger clade of photosynthetic plants containing Neottia and Listera, so that the two genera should be combined. As Neottia is the older name, sources such as the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and the Flora of China now use Neottia for all species formerly in Listera. Other sources continue to divide the genus into two.Species
Species accepted as of June 2014:- Neottia acuminata Schltr. - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East, Himalayas
- Neottia alternifolia Szlach. - Sikkim, Yunnan
- Neottia auriculata Szlach. – auricled twayblade - eastern Canada, northeastern USA
- Neottia bambusetorum Szlach. - Yunnan
- Neottia banksiana Rchb.f. in W.G.Walpers - northwestern twayblade – from Alaska to California
- Neottia biflora Szlach. - Sichuan
- Neottia bifolia Baumbach – southern twayblade - eastern Canada, eastern USA
- Neottia borealis Szlach. – northern twayblade - most of Canada including Arctic regions, plus mountains of western US
- Neottia brevicaulis Szlach. - eastern Himalayas and Yunnan
- Neottia brevilabris Tang & F.T.Wang - Chongqing
- Neottia camtschatea Rchb.f. in H.G.L.Reichenbach - Siberia, Russian Far East, Mongolia, northwestern China, Central Asia
- Neottia chandrae Raskoti, J.J.Wood & Ale - Nepal
- Neottia chenii S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb - Sichuan, Gansu
- Neottia confusa Bhaumik - Arunachal Pradesh
- Neottia convallarioides Rich. – much of Canada, western and northern US, Komandor Islands of Russia - broad-lipped twayblade
- Neottia cordata Rich. – widespread across Europe, northern Asia, Canada, US - lesser twayblade, heartleaf twayblade
- Neottia dentata Szlach. - Himalayas, Myanmar
- Neottia dihangensis Bhaumik - Arunachal Pradesh
- Neottia divaricata Szlach. - Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet
- Neottia fangii S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb - Sichuan
- Neottia flabellata Szlach. - mountains of northern Myanmar
- Neottia formosana S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb - Taiwan
- Neottia furusei T.Yukawa & Yagame - Japan
- Neottia gaudissartii Hand.-Mazz. - Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning
- Neottia inagakii Yagame, Katsuy. & T.Yukawa - Honshu
- Neottia japonica Szlach. - Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Jeju-do Island of Korea
- Neottia karoana Szlach. - eastern Himalayas, Yunnan
- Neottia kiusiana T.Hashim. & S.Hatus. - Korea, Japan
- Neottia kuanshanensis H.J.Su - Taiwan
- Neottia latilabra ined.. - Vietnam
- Neottia listeroides Lindl. in J.F.Royle - mountains from Pakistan to Tibet and Assam
- Neottia longicaulis Szlach. - eastern Himalayas, Tibet
- Neottia mackinnonii Deva & H.B.Naithani - western Himalayas
- Neottia makinoana Szlach. - Japan
- Neottia megalochila S.C.Chen - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Neottia meifongensis T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung - Taiwan
- Neottia microglottis Schltr. - western Himalayas
- Neottia microphylla S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb - Yunnan
- Neottia morrisonicola Szlach. - Taiwan
- Neottia mucronata Szlach. - China, Japan, Korea, eastern Himalayas
- Neottia nanchuanica Szlach. - Chongqing
- Neottia nandadeviensis Szlach. - Uttarakhand
- Neottia nankomontana Szlach. - Taiwan
- Neottia nepalensis Szlach - Nepal
- Neottia nidus-avis Rich. – widespread across most of Europe; also Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, western Siberia - bird's-nest orchid
- Neottia nipponica Szlach. - Russian Far East, Korea, Japan
- Neottia oblata Szlach. - Chongqing
- Neottia ovata Bluff & Fingerh. - Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia – common twayblade, eggleaf twayblade
- Neottia pantlingii Tang & F.T.Wang - eastern Himalayas
- Neottia papilligera Schltr. - Japan, Korea, Russian Far East, northeastern China
- Neottia pinetorum Szlach. - Himalayas of India, Nepal, China, etc.
- Neottia pseudonipponica Szlach. - Taiwan
- Neottia puberula Szlach. - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia, Russian Far East
- Neottia smallii Szlach. – Appalachian Mountains of eastern US - kidneyleaf twayblade
- Neottia smithiana Schltr. - Sichuan, Shaanxi
- Neottia smithii Szlach. - Sichuan
- Neottia suzukii Szlach. - Taiwan
- Neottia taibaishanensis P.H.Yang & K.Y.Lang - Shaanxi
- Neottia taizanensis Szlach. - Taiwan
- Neottia tenii Schltr. - Yunnan
- Neottia tenuis Szlach. - Tibet, Nepal, eastern Himalayas
- Neottia tianschanica Szlach. - Xinjiang
- Neottia unguiculata Szlach. - Myanmar
- Neottia ussuriensis Soó - Primorye region of Russia
- Neottia × veltmanii Baumbach - Michigan
- Neottia wardii Szlach. - China, Tibet
- Neottia yunnanensis Szlach. - Yunnan