Anderson was born in the village of Kulina, Estonia, close to the town of Wesenberg. After receiving a private education in Saint Petersburg he attended the Gouvernements-Gymnasium in Reval and in 1865 he enrolled in the University of Dorpat to study philology, where he was a student of Leo Meyer who in the same year had been appointed as the university's professor of Germanistics and Comparative philology. While at university he became interested in Finno-Ugric languages and quickly became an expert in the field. In 1871 Anderson worked as an hourly paid teacher at the Gymnasium in Dorpat before taking up a post as teacher for classical languages at the Gymnasium in Minsk in 1872, but he continued his studies of Finno-Ugric languages in his spare time. In 1874, he got married and soon started a family. Nikolai Anderson's three sons were Wilhelm Anderson, Walter Anderson, and Oskar Anderson, who all went on to choose academic careers. In 1876 Anderson submitted the results of his research, comparing Finno-Ugric and Indo-Germanic languages to the University of Tartu, for which he was awarded a degree in Comparative philology. Still working as a teacher in Minsk, he continued his research, and in 1891 he gained a Magister degree in Comparative Linguistics. In 1892 his mentor Leo Meyer nominated Anderson for an honorary membership of the Learned Estonian Society, a corresponding member of which he had been since 1871, which was granted to Anderson in the same year. In January 1894 Anderson was offered a professorship in Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Kazan to replace Mihkel Veske, which he accepted, as this allowed him to take up an academic career that would allow him more time for his research. As a professor he had the rank of Статский советник, meaning that he held personal nobility in the Imperial Russian hierarchy. In 1898 Anderson fell ill with a nervous disorder and was hospitalized for several months in Tartu. In 1904 he relapsed and was once again hospitalized. After his condition improved in early 1905 he visited his sister in Narva, where he fell ill with pleurisy and died shortly thereafter. Anderson was buried with his parents in Yamburg.
Works
In his work, Anderson not only compared different Finno-Ugric languages but also argued for a genetic relationship between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Germanic languages, making him one of the first scholars to investigate possible links between these two language families. At the time of his death, Anderson was the only professor for Finno-Ugric languages in the Russian Empire.
