Nomina Anatomica
Nomina Anatomica was the international standard on human anatomic terminology from 1955 until it was replaced by Terminologia Anatomica in 1998.
In the late nineteenth century some 30,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending on the anatomist's school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to effective international communication. There was disagreement and confusion among anatomists regarding anatomical terminology.
Editions
The first and last entries in the following table are not NA editions, but they are included for the sake of continuity. Although these early editions were authorized by different bodies, they are sometimes considered part of the same series.Before these codes of terminology, approved at anatomists congresses, the usage of anatomical terms was based on authoritative works of scholars like Galen, Berengario da Carpi, Gaspard Bauhin, Henle, Hyrtl, etc.
| Edition | Year | Notes |
| Basle Nomina Anatomica , 1st ed. | 1895 | Work on a new international system of anatomical terminology began in 1887. The system was approved in 1895 by the Ninth Congress of the Anatomische Gesellschaft in Basel, Switzerland. It became known as the Basle Nomina Anatomica. The BNA reduced the number of anatomical terms from 50,000 down to 5,528. The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists is the international body representing anatomical societies from throughout the world. The First Federative International Congress of Anatomy met in Geneva in 1903. |
| BNA revisions | 1933–1935 | The BNA was adopted by anatomists from many countries including Spain and the United States, but the reception was far from universal.
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| Nomina Anatomica, 1st ed. | 1955 | The Fifth Congress established a committee, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee , to work on standardized anatomical terminology. The IANC's revision of the BNA was approved in 1955 at the Sixth Congress, meeting in Paris. It was originally called the Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica but later became known simply as the Nomina Anatomica . It contained 5,640 terms, of which 4,286 were unchanged from the BNA. The committee favored the BNA's orthograde orientation over the JNA's pronograde orientation, which led to a schism between the committee and veterinary anatomists, and the subsequent publication of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria in 1968. |
| Nomina Anatomica, 2nd ed. | 1961 | Revisions of Nomina Anatomica were approved at the Seventh Congress |
| Nomina Anatomica, 3rd ed. | 1966 | Approved at the Eighth Congress. |
| Nomina Anatomica, 4th ed. | 1977 | Approved at the Ninth Congress, the Tenth Congress. The fourth edition introduced the Nomina Histologica and Nomina Embryologica. |
| Nomina Anatomica, 5th ed. | 1983 | Approved at the Eleventh Congress. |
| Nomina Anatomica, 6th ed. | 1989 | Approved at the Twelfth Congress. Contains about 6,400 terms. The title of the sixth edition includes the phrase "authorised by the Twelfth International Congress of Anatomists in London, 1985", but this authorization is disputed. |
| Terminologia Anatomica, 1st ed. | 1998 | Approved at the Thirteenth Congress. Contains more than 9,200 terms. |
The IANC and the FCAT
Twelfth congress
Around the time of the Twelfth Congress, a dispute arose over the editorial independence of the IANC. The IANC did not believe that their work should be subject to the approval of IFAA Member Associations.The types of discussion underlying this dispute are illustrated in an article by Roger Warwick, then Honorary Secretary of the IANC:
What declined, however, was the influence of the IANC on anatomical terminology. The IANC published a sixth edition of Nomina Anatomica, but it was never approved by the IFAA.
Thirteenth congress
Instead, at the Thirteenth Congress, the IFAA created a new committee – the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology . The FCAT took over the task of revising international anatomical terminology. The result was the publication, in 1998, of a "new, updated, simplified and uniform anatomical terminology", the Terminologia Anatomica. The IANC was acknowledged in this work as follows:
''Terminologia Anatomica'' (''TA'')
The Terminologia Anatomica is the joint creation of the FCAT and the Member Associations of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists. The first edition, published in 1998, supersedes all previous lists. It is the international standard for anatomical terminology.The 39th edition of Gray's Anatomy explicitly recognizes Terminologia Anatomica.
Modern use
NA and its derivatives are still used in some contexts, and there remain some obstacles to universal adoption of TA:- The TA is only available in Latin, English, and Spanish, while the NA is available in many additional languages, which has had an impact upon international adoption of TA.
- Terminologia Embryologica is under development, but is not yet available. By contrast, multiple editions of Nomina Embryologica were published.
- Nomina Histologica underwent several editions. Until recently, there was no Terminologia Histologica. However, an edition was published in 2008.
- There is no "Terminologia" equivalent to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria.