Noonan syndrome


Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder that may present with mildly unusual facial features, short height, congenital heart disease, bleeding problems, and skeletal malformations. Facial features include widely spaced eyes, light-colored eyes, low-set ears, a short neck, and a small lower jaw. Heart problems may include pulmonary valve stenosis. The breast bone may either protrude or be sunken, while the spine may be abnormally curved. Intelligence is often normal. Complications of NS can include leukemia.
A number of genetic mutations can result in Noonan syndrome. The condition may be inherited from a person's parents as an autosomal dominant condition or occur as a new mutation. Noonan syndrome is a type of RASopathy, the underlying mechanism for which involves a problem with a cell signaling pathway. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms, medical imaging, and blood tests. Confirmation may be achieved with genetic testing.
No cure for NS is known. Treatment is based on the symptoms and underlying problems. Extra support in school may be required. Growth hormone therapy during childhood can increase an affected person's final height. Long-term outcomes typically depend on the severity of heart problems.
An estimated 1 in 100 people are mildly affected, while about 1 in 2,000 have a more severe form of the disease. Males appear to be affected more often than females. The condition was first described in 1883 and was named after American pediatric cardiologist Jacqueline Noonan, who described further cases in 1963.

Signs and symptoms

The most common signs leading to the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome are unique facial characteristics and musculoskeletal features. The facial characteristics are most prominent in infancy, becoming less apparent with age in many people with Noonan Syndrome.

Head

Some of the characteristic features of Noonan syndrome include a large head with excess skin on the back of the neck, low hairline at the nape of the neck, high hairline at the front of the head, triangular face shape, broad forehead, and a short, webbed neck.
In the eyes, hypertelorism is a defining characteristic, present in 95% of people with Noonan syndrome. This may be accompanied by epicanthal folds, ptosis, proptosis, strabismus, nystagmus and refractive visual errors.
The nose may be small, wide, and upturned.
The development of the ears and auditory system may be affected in people with Noonan's syndrome. This can result in low-set ears, backward-rotated ears, thick helix of ear, incomplete folding of ears, chronic otitis media, and hearing loss.
Development of the mouth may also be affected in Noonan syndrome. This can result in deeply grooved philtrum , micrognathia, high arched palate, articulation difficulties which can lead to dental problems. Similar to the muscular manifestations above, in the mouth, poor tongue control may be observed.

Skin

Skin signs and symptoms in Noonan syndrome include lymphedema, keloid formation, excessive scar formation, hyperkeratosis, pigmented nevi, and connective tissue disease

Musculoskeletal

Abnormalities in the limbs and extremities may occur in Noonan syndrome. This may manifest as bluntly ended fingers, extra padding on fingers and toes, edema of the back of hands and tops of feet, and cubitus valgus.
For short stature, growth hormone is sometimes combined with IGF-1 can be used to achieve an increased height/final height quicker. The final adult height of individuals with Noonan syndrome is about 161–167 cm in males and 150–155 cm in females, which approaches the lower limit of normal.
Spinal abnormalities may be present up to 30% of the time and this may require surgery to correct in over 60% of these cases. Other musculoskeletal manifestations in Noonan syndrome are associated with undifferentiated connective-tissue disorders which can be associated with joint contractures or joint hypermobility.Additional factors may present in the form of winging of the scapula, scoliosis, breast bone prominence, breast bone depression . Muscle abnormalities may present as hypotonia which may lead to lordosis due to poor abdominal muscle tone.

Heart

Noonan syndrome is the second most common syndromic cause of congenital heart disease. This includes pulmonary valvular stenosis, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Lungs

Restrictive lung function has been reported in some people.

Gastrointestinal

A number of diverse gastrointestinal symptoms have been associated with Noonan syndrome. These include swallowing difficulties, low gut motility, gastroparesis, intestinal malrotation, and frequent or forceful vomiting. These digestive issues may lead to decreased appetite, failure to thrive from infancy to puberty, and occasionally the need for a feeding tube.

Genitourinary system

In some males with Noonan syndrome, testicles do not descend.

Circulation

Lymphatic anomalies including Posterior cervical hygroma and Lymphedema may present in people with Noonan syndrome.
A number of bleeding disorders have been associated with Noonan Syndrome, these include platelet dysfunction, Blood clotting disorders, partial deficiency of factor VIII:C, partial deficiency of factor XI:C, partial deficiency of factor XII:C, and an imbalance of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and tissue plasminogen activator activity. It has been associated with Von Willebrand disease, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, combined coagulation defects. When present, these Noonan-syndrome accompanying disorders can be associated with a predisposition to bruise easily, or hemorrhage.

Neurological

Occasionally, Chiari malformation,may occur, which can lead to hydrocephalus. Seizures have also been reported.

Causes

Recurrence in siblings and apparent transmission from parent to child has long suggested a genetic defect with autosomal dominant inheritance and variable expression. Mutations in the Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways are known to be responsible for about 70% of NS cases.
Persons with NS have up to a 50% chance of transmitting it to their offspring. The fact that an affected parent is not always identified for children with NS suggests several possibilities:
  1. Manifestations could be so subtle as to go unrecognized
  2. NS is heterogeneous, comprising more than one similar condition of differing causes, and some of these may not be inherited.
  3. A high proportion of cases may represent new, sporadic mutations.
TypeOnline Mendelian Inheritance in Man databaseGeneYear foundLocus% of casesDescriptionRefs.
NS1PTPN11200112q24.150%The PTPN11 gene encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. This protein is a component of several intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in embryonic development that modulate cell division, differentiation, and migration, including one mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is important in the formation of the semilunar heart valves.
Duplication of the chromosome region containing PTPN11 can also result in NS.
NS2Unknown; autosomal recessive
NS3KRAS200612p12.1<5%
NS4SOS120062p2110%Activating mutations in SOS1 can give rise to NS. SHP-2 and SOS1 positively regulate the Ras/MAP kinase pathway, suggesting that its dysregulation mediates NS development.
NS5RAF120073p253–17%

Heterozygous mutations in NRAS, HRAS, BRAF, SHOC2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, and CBL have also been associated with a smaller percentage of NS and related phenotypes.
A condition known as "neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome" is associated with neurofibromin.

Diagnosis

NS can be confirmed genetically by the presence of any of the known mutations listed above. However, despite identification of 14 causative genes, the absence of a known mutation will not exclude the diagnosis, as more, as-yet-undiscovered genes can cause NS. Thus, the diagnosis of NS is still based on clinical features. In other words, it is made when a physician feels that a person has enough of the features to warrant the label. The principal values of making a genetic diagnosis are that it guides additional medical and developmental evaluations, it excludes other possible explanations for the features, and it allows more accurate recurrence risk estimates. With more genotype-phenotype correlation studies being performed, a positive genetic diagnosis will help the clinician to be aware of possible anomalies specific to that certain gene mutation. For example, an increase in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is seen in people with a mutation of KRAS and an increased risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia exists for a mutation of PTPN11. In the future, studies may lead to a targeted management of NS symptoms that depends on what genetic mutation a person has.

Before birth

Prenatal features that might lead physicians to consider a diagnosis of Noonan syndrome include cystic hygroma, increased nuchal translucency, pleural effusion, and edema.

Differential diagnosis

While Turner syndrome has similarities with renal anomalies and developmental delay, Turner syndrome is only found in females and often expresses differently. In Turner syndrome, there is a lower incidence of developmental delays, left-sided heart defects are constant and the occurrence of renal abnormalities is much lower.
Other RASopathies
The treatment varies depending on complications but tend to be quite standard, reflecting the treatment of the general population. Management guidelines, divided by systems, including general, developmental, dental, growth and feeding, cardiovascular, audiological, haematological, renal and skeletal, that account for actions to be taken at diagnosis, after diagnosis and if symptomatic, have been published by an American consortium.
Specifically, treatment of cardiovascular complications resemble that of the general population and treatment of bleeding diathesis is guided by the specific factor deficiency or platelet aggregation.
Although a few people with Noonan syndrome have been reported to develop malignant hyperthermia, the gene mutation of diseases known to be associated with malignant hyperthermia is different than that of Noonan syndrome.

Prognosis

The lifespan of people with Noonan's syndrome can be similar to the general population, however, Noonan syndrome can be associated with several health conditions that can contribute to mortality. The greatest contributor to mortality in individuals with Noonan syndrome is complications of cardiovascular disease. Prognosis is therefore largely dependent on the presence or absence of cardiac disease, as well as the type and severity of the disease. Most notably, Noonan syndrome with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality.

History

was practicing as a pediatric cardiologist at the University of Iowa when she noticed that children with a rare type of heart defect, valvular pulmonary stenosis, often had a characteristic physical appearance, with short stature, webbed neck, wide spaced eyes, and low-set ears. Both boys and girls were affected. These characteristics were sometimes seen running in families but were not associated with gross chromosomal abnormalities. She studied 833 people with Noonan syndrome at the congenital heart disease clinic, looking for other congenital abnormalities, and in 1963 presented a paper: "Associated non-cardiac malformations in children with congenital heart disease". This described 9 children who in addition to congenital heart disease had characteristic facial features, chest deformities and short stature.
Dr. John Opitz, a former student of Dr. Noonan's, first began to call the condition "Noonan syndrome" when he saw children who looked like those whom Dr. Noonan had described. Dr. Noonan produced a paper titled "Hypertelorism with Turner Phenotype" in 1968 where she studied 19 patients who displayed symptoms indicative of Noonan's Syndrome. In 1971 at the Symposium of Cardiovascular defects, the name 'Noonan syndrome' became officially recognized.