North Carolina in the American Civil War
During the American Civil War, North Carolina joined the Confederacy with some reluctance, mainly because neighboring Virginia had done so. Throughout the war, North Carolina remained a divided state. The population within the Appalachian Mountains in the western part of the state mostly continued supporting the Union. Even so, North Carolina contributed more troops to the Confederacy than any other state, and channeled many vital supplies through the major port of Wilmington, in defiance of the Union blockade.
Fighting occurred sporadically in the state from September 1861, when Union Major General Ambrose Burnside set about capturing key ports and cities, notably Roanoke Island and New Bern. In 1864, the Confederates assumed the offensive, temporarily reconquering Plymouth, while the Union Army launched several attempts to seize Fort Fisher. The last remaining major Confederate army, under Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered at Bennett Place, near Durham, to William Tecumseh Sherman in April 1865.
Troops from North Carolina played major roles in dozens of battles in other states, including Gettysburg, where Tar Heels were prominent in Pickett's Charge. Troops also played a major role for the Union, with the 3rd North Carolina Cavalry taking part in the Battle of Bull's Gap, Battle of Red Banks, and Stoneman's 1864 and 1865 raids in western North Carolina, southwest Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. The Department of North Carolina, established in 1862, seized Wilmington in 1865, then the state's largest city. The North Carolina-based XVIII Corps was also among the largest in the Union Army.
Origins
In the mid-19th century, North Carolina was a picture of contrasts. On the Coastal Plain, it was largely a plantation state with a long history of slavery. In the more rural and mountainous western part of the state, there were no plantations and few slaves. These differing perspectives showed themselves in the fraught election of 1860 and its aftermath. North Carolina's electoral votes went to Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, an adamant supporter of slavery who hoped to extend the "peculiar institution" to the United States' western territories, rather than to the Constitutional Union candidate, John Bell, who carried much of the Upper South. North Carolina was reluctant to secede from the Union when it became clear that Republican Abraham Lincoln had won the presidential election. In fact, North Carolina did not secede until May 20, 1861, after the fall of Fort Sumter and the secession of the Upper South's bellwether, Virginia. The next day, on May 21, North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States. The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect, which sources say took place on this date; the only primary source found so far is a statement from Jefferson Davis on July 20 stating that the proclamation had been made.Some white North Carolinians, especially yeoman farmers who owned few or no slaves, felt ambivalently about the Confederacy; draft-dodging, desertion, and tax evasion were common during the Civil War years, especially in the Union-friendly western part of the state. North Carolinians, often in disagreement with the aristocracy of eastern planters, raised about 25,000 troops from the western counties to fight and occupy territory in the mountainous regions of North Carolina and Tennessee, as well as the coastal plains of North Carolina, sometimes with troops from other states. Central and Eastern white North Carolinians were more enthusiastic about the Confederate cause; North Carolina contributed more troops to the Confederacy than any other single state.
Initially, the policy of the Confederate populace was to embargo cotton shipments to Europe in hope of forcing them to recognize the Confederacy's independence, thereby allowing trade to resume. The plan failed, and furthermore the Union's naval blockade of Southern ports drastically shrunk North Carolina's international commerce via shipping. Internally, the Confederacy had far fewer railroads than the Union. The breakdown of the Confederate transportation system took a heavy toll on North Carolina residents, as did the runaway inflation of the war years and food shortages in the cities. In the spring of 1863, there were food riots in Salisbury.
Although there was little military combat in the Western districts, the psychological tensions grew greater and greater. Historians John C. Inscoe and Gordon B. McKinney argue that in the western mountains "differing ideologies turned into opposing loyalties, and those divisions eventually proved as disruptive as anything imposed by outside armies....As the mountains came to serve as refuges and hiding places for deserters, draft dodgers, escaped slaves, and escaped prisoners of war, the conflict became even more localized and internalized, and at the same time became far messier, less rational, and more mean-spirited, vindictive, and personal".
Campaigns in North Carolina
From September 1861 until July 1862, Union Major General Ambrose Burnside, commander of the Department of North Carolina, formed the North Carolina Expeditionary Corps and set about capturing key ports and cities. His successes at the Battle of Roanoke Island and the Battle of New Bern helped cement Federal control of a part of coastal Carolina.Fighting continued in North Carolina sporadically throughout the war. In 1864, the Confederates assumed the offensive in North Carolina, trying to recover some of the territory lost to Burnside's expedition. They failed to retake New Bern, but reconquered Plymouth and held it for six months. Moreover, the Union Army launched several attempts to seize Fort Fisher and finally did in 1865. In the war's closing days, a large Federal force under General William Tecumseh Sherman marched into North Carolina, and in a series of movements that became known as the Carolinas Campaign, occupied much of the state and defeated the Confederates in several key battles, including Averasborough and Bentonville. The surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston's Confederate army at Bennett Place in April 1865 essentially ended the war in the Eastern Theater.
Battles in North Carolina
The following are some of the major battles of the Civil War that were fought in North Carolina:Battle | Date | Location | Outcome |
Battle of Albemarle Sound | May 5, 1864 | Albermarle Sound | inconclusive |
Battle of Averasborough | May 16, 1865 | Harnett and Cumberland Counties | inconclusive |
Battle of Bentonville | May 19–21, 1865 | Johnston County | Union victory |
Battle of Fort Anderson | March 13–16, 1863 | Craven County | Union victory |
Battle of Fort Fisher I | December 23–27, 1864 | New Hanover County | Confederate victory |
Battle of Fort Fisher II | January 13–15, 1865 | New Hanover County | Union victory |
Siege of Fort Macon | March 23, 1862 - Apr 26, 1862 | Carteret County | Union victory |
Battle of Goldsboro Bridge | December 17, 1862 | Wayne County | Union victory |
Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries | August 28–29, 1861 | Outer Banks | Union victory |
Battle of Kinston | December 14, 1862 | Lenoir County | Union victory |
Battle of Monroe's Cross Roads | March 10, 1865 | Hoke County | inconclusive |
Battle of Morrisville | April 13–15, 1865 | Wake County | Union victory |
Battle of New Bern | March 14, 1862 | Craven County | Union victory |
Battle of Plymouth | April 17–20, 1864 | Washington County | Confederate victory |
Battle of Roanoke Island | February 7–8, 1862 | Dare County | Union victory |
Battle of South Mills | April 19, 1862 | Camden County | Confederate victory |
Battle of Tranter's Creek | June 5, 1862 | Pitt County | Union victory |
Battle of Washington | March 30, 1863 – April 20, 1863 | Beaufort County | inconclusive |
Battle of White Hall | December 16, 1862 | Wayne County | draw |
Battle of Wilmington | February 11–22, 1865 | New Hanover County | Union victory |
Battle of Wyse Fork | March 7–10, 1865 | Lenoir County | Tactical Union victory, Strategic Confederate victory |
Campaign of the Carolinas | January 1 – April 26, 1865 | North and South Carolina | Decisive Union Victory |
Government and politics
served as the state's governor from July 1861 to September 1862. Clark founded a Confederate prison in North Carolina, set up European purchasing connections, and built a successful gunpowder mill. His successor Zebulon Vance further increased state assistance for the soldiers in the field.As the war went on, William Woods Holden became a quiet critic of the Confederate government, and a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against incumbent Governor Vance. Unionists in North Carolina formed a group called the "Heroes of America" that was allied with the United States. Numbering nearly 10,000 men, a few of them possibly black, they helped Southern Unionists escape to U.S. lines.
The North Carolina General Assembly of 1868–1869 ratified the Fourteenth Amendment on July 4, 1868, which readmitted North Carolina to the Union.