North of the mountain ridge known as Cape Horn, near the Connecticut River, are the remains of Fort Wentworth, built by the New Hampshire Militia in 1755 during the French and Indian War. The town was granted as "Stonington" in 1761 to John Hogg and others by Governor Benning Wentworth, and first settled in 1767 by Thomas Burnside and Daniel Spaulding. It was regranted by Governor John Wentworth in 1771 as "Northumberland", the name derived from Northumberland in England. The town was incorporated November 16, 1779. Groveton is the northern terminus of a railroad track owned by the New Hampshire & Vermont Railroad, where it intersects the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad. This was formerly the junction of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad—a major point of access for the northern White Mountains. The area was once known for its large corn and potato crop, starch mills, and manufacturing. More recently, the town economy centered on the lumber industry. That changed in 2007, however, when the Wausau Paper Mill closed, eliminating 300 jobs.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and is water, comprising 2.13% of the town. The Connecticut River, which forms the New Hampshire–Vermont border, runs along the western edge of town. The Upper Ammonoosuc River runs through town in a southwesterly direction to the Connecticut and is crossed by a covered bridge at Groveton. There are several mountains in town, including Morse Mountain, Cape Horn, Moore Mountain, and Spaulding Hill. The town's highest point is above sea level on a spur of the Pilot Range on the town's eastern boundary. Cape Horn State Forest is located in the central portion of the town boundaries. The nucleus of Northumberland is arranged along US 3, which runs along the Connecticut River. Route 110 intersects US 3 in Northumberland and runs east toward adjacent Stark.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,438 people, 989 households, and 666 families residing in the town. The population density was 67.4 people per square mile. There were 1,112 housing units at an average density of 30.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98.44% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.33% Asian, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population. There were 989 households out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couplesliving together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $31,570, and the median income for a family was $34,444. Males had a median income of $33,281 versus $19,464 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,101. About 9.4% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.
