Number density


The number density is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density. Population density is an example of areal number density. The term number concentration is sometimes used in chemistry for the same quantity, particularly when comparing with other concentrations.

Definition

Volume number density is the number of specified objects per unit volume:
where N is the total number of objects in a volume V.
Here it is assumed that N is large enough that rounding of the count to the nearest integer does not introduce much of an error, however V is chosen to be small enough that the resulting n does not depend much on the size or shape of the volume V.

Units

In SI units, number density is measured in m−3, although cm−3 is often used. However, these units are not quite practical when dealing with atoms or molecules of gases, liquids or solids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, because the resulting numbers are extremely large. Using the number density of an ideal gas at and as a yardstick: is often introduced as a unit of number density, for any substances at any conditions.

Usage

Using the number density as a function of spatial coordinates, the total number of objects N in the entire volume V can be calculated as
where dV = dx dy dz is a volume element. If each object possesses the same mass m0, the total mass m of all the objects in the volume V can be expressed as
Similar expressions are valid for electric charge or any other extensive quantity associated with countable objects. For example, replacing m with q and m0 with q0 in the above equation will lead to a correct expression for charge.
The number density of solute molecules in a solvent is sometimes called concentration, although usually concentration is expressed as a number of moles per unit volume.

Relation to other quantities

Molar concentration

For any substance, the number density can be expressed in terms of its amount concentration c as
where is the Avogadro constant. This is still true if the spatial dimension unit, metre, in both n and c is consistently replaced by any other spatial dimension unit, e.g. if n is in cm−3 and c is in mol/cm3, or if n is in L−1 and c is in mol/L, etc.

Mass density

For atoms or molecules of a well-defined molar mass M, the number density can sometimes be expressed in terms of their mass density ρm as
Note that the ratio M/NA is the mass of a single atom or molecule in kg.

Examples

The following table lists common examples of number densities at and, unless otherwise noted.