Oblique Strategies


Oblique Strategies is a card-based method for promoting creativity jointly created by Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt, first published in 1975. Physically, it takes the form of a deck of printed cards in a black box. Each card offers a challenging constraint intended to help artists break creative blocks by encouraging lateral thinking.

Origin and history

In 1970, Peter Schmidt created "The Thoughts Behind the Thoughts", a box containing 55 sentences letterpress printed onto disused prints that accumulated in his studio, which is still in Eno's possession. Eno, who had known Schmidt since the late 1960s, had been pursuing a similar project himself, which he had handwritten onto a number of bamboo cards and given the name "Oblique Strategies" in 1974. There was a significant overlap between the two projects, and so, in late 1974, Schmidt and Eno combined them into a single pack of cards and offered them for general sale. The set went through three limited edition printings before Schmidt suddenly died in early 1980, after which the card decks became rather rare and expensive. Sixteen years later software pioneer Peter Norton convinced Eno to let him create a fourth edition as Christmas gifts for his friends. Eno's decision to revisit the cards and his collaboration with Norton in revising them is described in detail in his 1996 book A Year with Swollen Appendices. With public interest in the cards undiminished, in 2001 Eno once again produced a new set of Oblique Strategies cards. The number and content of the cards vary according to the edition. In May 2013 a limited edition of 500 boxes, in burgundy rather than black, was issued.
The story of Oblique Strategies, along with the content of all the cards, exhaustive history and commentary, is documented in a website widely acknowledged as the authoritative source and put together by musician and educator Gregory Alan Taylor.
The text of Schmidt's "The Thoughts Behind the Thoughts" was published by Mindmade Books in 2012.

Design and use

Each card contains a gnomic suggestion, aphorism or remark which can be used to break a deadlock or dilemma situation. A few are specific to music composition; others are more general. For example:
From the introduction to the 2001 edition:

Cultural impact

References to Oblique Strategies exist in popular culture, notably in the film Slacker, in which a character offers passers-by cards from a deck. Strategies mentioned include "Honor thy error as a hidden intention", "Look closely at the most embarrassing details and amplify", "Not building a wall; making a brick", "Repetition is a form of change", and one which came to be seen as a summary of the film's ethos, "Withdrawing in disgust is not the same thing as apathy." This line was quoted in the 1994 song "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" by R.E.M., who also mentioned Oblique Strategies in their 1998 song "Diminished" from the album Up. The Oblique Strategies are also referenced in comic 1018, "Oblique Angles", of popular web comic Questionable Content.
Other musicians inspired by Oblique Strategies include the British band Coldplay, said to have used the cards when recording their 2008 Brian Eno-produced album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and French band Phoenix, who used the cards when recording their 2009 album Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix. German musician/composer Blixa Bargeld has a similar navigation system, called Dave. In response to their song "Brian Eno", from their album Congratulations, MGMT has said they had a deck of Oblique Strategies in the studio, but they "don't know if used them correctly."
They were most famously used by Eno during the recording of David Bowie's Berlin triptych of albums. Stories suggest they were used during the recording of instrumentals on "Heroes" such as "Sense of Doubt" and were used more extensively on Lodger. They were used again on Bowie's 1995 album Outside, which Eno was involved with as a writer, producer and musician. Carlos Alomar, who worked with Eno and Bowie on all these albums, was a fan of using the cards, later saying "at the Center for Performing Arts at the Stevens Institute of Technology, where I teach, on the wall are Brian Eno’s Oblique Strategies cards. And when my students get a mental block, I immediately direct them to that wall."

Editions and variations

EditionYearNo. CardsEdition ofNotes
Original1975113500Individually numbered, and signed by Eno and Schmidt
Second19781281,000Available through Eno's record label at the time, Opal Records
Third19791231,000Advertised for sale in the EG Newsletter and elsewhere
French1979128unknownAlain D'Hooghe translator; produced in association with an exhibition "More Than Nothing" by Schmidt & Eno at the Paul Ide Gallery in Brussels, February 1980
Japanesen.a.n.a.n.a.A rumoured edition. No conclusive evidence has surfaced as to its existence
Fourth19961004,000Produced by the Peter Norton family as Christmas gifts for his friends and colleagues. Unlike other editions, the cards feature translations into the five other most common languages, include artwork on the cards, and come in a molded white plastic container. A handful of the cards are by new contributors.
Fifth2001103 + 2 informationalunlimitedCurrently on sale
Sixth2013106 + 2 informational500A limited edition in a burgundy case
Hypertext version1995unknownn.a.By Cetacean Enterprises for Mac software
iPhone version 2013unknownn.a.Includes all five versions of Oblique Strategies
Processing version2010110n.a.Open-source plugin by David Wicks for the Processing creative coding environment.
Android version2018unknownn.a.Reproduces the 1975 cards typography and design
Alexa Skill2018208n.a.Available as an Amazon Alexa News Feed updated hourly.