OntoLex is the short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data and the short name of the W3C community group that created it.
OntoLex-Lemon vocabulary
The OntoLex-Lemon vocabulary represents a vocabulary for publishing lexical data as a knowledge graph, in a RDF format and/or as Linguistic Linked Open Data. Since its publication as a W3C Community report in 2016, it serves as ``a de facto standard to represent ontology-lexica on the Web´´. OntoLex-Lemon is a revision of the Lemon vocabulary originally proposed by McCrae et al.. The core elements of OntoLex-Lemon, shown in Fig. 1, are:
lexical entry: unit of analysis of the lexicon, groups together one or more forms and one or more senses, resp. concepts. Can provide additional morphosyntactic information, e.g., one part of speech. Note that every lexical entry can have at most one part of speech, for representing groups of lexical entries with identical forms but different parts of speech, see the lexicography module.
lexical form: surface form of a particular lexical entry, e.g., its written representation
lexical sense: word sense of a particular lexical entry. Note that a OntoLex-Lemon senses are lexicalized, i.e., they belong to exactly one lexical entry. For elements of meaning that can be expressed by different lexemes, use lexical concept.
lexical concept: elements of meaning with different lexicalizations. A typical example are WordNet synsets, where multiple synonymous words are grouped together in a single set.
Aside from the core module, other modules specify designated vocabulary for representing lexicon metadata, lexical-semantic relations, multi-word expressions and syntactic frames. The data structures of OntoLex-Lemon are comparable with those of other dictionary formats. The innovative element about OntoLex-Lemon is that it provides such a data model as an RDF vocabulary, as this enables novel use cases that are based on web technologies rather than stand-alone dictionaries. For the foreseeable future, OntoLex-Lemon will also remain unique in this role, as the Linked Open Data community strongly encourages to reuse existing vocabularies and as of Dec 2019, OntoLex-Lemon is the only established vocabulary for its purpose. This is also reflected in recent extensions to the original OntoLex-Lemon specification, where novel modules have been developed to extend the use of OntoLex-Lemon to novel areas of application:
OntoLex-Lemon Lexicography Module, published as a W3C Community Group Report, extends OntoLex-Lemon with respect to requirements from digital lexicography.
OntoLex-Lemon Morphology Module, as of Dec 2019 under development, aims to facilitate multilinguality in OntoLex-Lemon, esp., for morphologically rich languages
OntoLex-Lemon Module for Frequency, Attestation and Corpus Information, as of Dec 2019 under development,, aims to facilitate uses of OntoLex-Lemon in computational lexicography and natural language processing
Updates to LexInfo: LexInfo provides data categories for OntoLex-Lemon data. At the moment, LexInfo is being updated, version 3.0 will no longer depend on the older Monnet-Lemon vocabulary.
Applications
OntoLex-Lemon is widely used for lexical resources in the context of Linguistic Linked Open Data. Selected applications include
OASIS Lexicographic Infrastructure Data Model and API, a framework for internationally interoperable lexicographic work
European public multilingual knowledge infrastructure
Lex0, a collaborative web editor used for the creation and management of lexical and terminological resources as linked data resources
, a web-based, multilingual, collaborative development platform for managing ontologies, thesauri, lexicons and RDF data
The Lexicala API by K Dictionaries that provides access to cross-lingual lexical data of 50 languages and 150 language pairs.
DiTMAO, a lexicographic editor developed for creating the Dictionary of Old Occitan medico-botanical terminology
a series of Shared Tasks on Translation Inference Across Dictionaries
DBnary, RDF edition of 16 language editions of Wiktionary
PanLex, a large-scale lexical network of about 2,500 dictionaries and more than 500 languages
Princeton WordNet 3.1, a large-scale, hierarchically and relationally structured lexical resource for English
Global WordNet Association, a community effort to produce, maintain and interlink multilingual WordNets
BabelNet, a large-scale multilingual lexical network
LiLa, a knowledge base of linguistic resources for Latin based on a large lexicon consisting of a collection of citation forms
OntoLex development is regularly addressed in scientific events dedicated to ontologies, linked data or lexicography. Since 2017, a designated workshop series on the OntoLex module is conducted biannually.
