The abbreviation is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work. Op. cit. thus refers the reader to the bibliography, where the full citation of the work can be found, or to a full citation given in a previous footnote. Op. cit. should never therefore be used on its own, which would be meaningless, but most often with the author's surname, or another brief clue as to which work is referred to. For example, given a work called The World of Salamanders by Jane Q. Smith, the style would typically be "Smith op. cit.", usually followed by a page number, to refer the reader to a previous full citation of this work. Given names or initials are not needed unless the work cites two authors with the same surname, as the whole purpose of using op. cit. is economy of text. For works without an individually named author, the title can be used, e.g. "CIA World Fact Book, op. cit." As usual with foreign words and phrases, op. cit. is typically given in italics. The variant Loc. cit., an abbreviation of the Latin phrase loco citato meaning "in the place cited", has been used for the same purpose but also indicating the same page not simply the same work; it is now rarely used or recognized. The ChicagoManual of Style, 16th edition, claims that op. cit. and loc. cit. are "rightly falling into disuse", and "instead uses the short-title form", e.g. the form World of Salamanders, to use the example above. Various different styles call for other alternatives, such as a reference to the author's surname and publication year, e.g. "Smith 1999". Op. cit is contrasted with ibid., an abbreviation of the Latin adverbibidem, meaning "in the same place; in that very place" which refers the reader to the title of the work in the preceding footnote. The easily confused idem, the Latin definitive pronoun meaning "the same" is also used on occasion within footnotes, and is a stand-in for the last-cited author, rather than title. The Latin adverb supra, meaning "above" means simply "see above" and can therefore be somewhat imprecise.
Reference number 13 refers to the last cited work by the author R. Millan, and hence, it is the same as in number 9, although the page referred to is different. Reference number 14 refers to reference number 10, Language and Its Uses, page 66. Reference number 15 refers to reference number 12: there are two works by Wiki published in 2003 so you must use the title. For the short-title form:
