The Orinoco Delta swamp forests is an ecoregion of eastern Venezuela and northern Guyana covering the large and shifting Orinoco Delta. The vegetation is mostly permanently flooded rainforest. The ecoregion is relatively intact apart from a large area that was damaged by a failed flood control program in the 1960s. It is inaccessible, so logging is difficult, and the soil is unsuitable for farming. The main threat comes from oil exploration, which would bring an influx of settlers into the delta.
The terrain is flat, with typical elevations of above sea level, but in the south there are terra firme levees up to high. The soils are alluvial deposits carried by rivers from the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. The Orinoco fans out into large and small distributaries in the delta, which wind through a landscape of permanent wetlands and marshes, oxbow lakes and levees.
Climate
The Köppen climate classification is "Af": equatorial, fully humid. Annual rainfall varies by location from, and is highest in the south. A wet season generally lasts from April/May to December. At a sample location at coordinates the temperature is relatively stable throughout the year, slightly cooler in January and July and slightly warmer in May and October. Yearly average minimum temperature is and maximum is with a mean temperature of. Yearly total rainfall is about. Average monthly rainfall varies from in February to in July.
The Orinoco delta is largely covered by permanently flooded tropical ombrophilous swamp forest, which support various endemic species of plants, with areas of wetlands, mangroves and terra firma rainforest. Most of the vegetation consists of hydrophilous trees and palms, with many epiphytes and scattered herbaceous plants. Hardwood trees include Carapa guianensis, Ceiba pentandra, Dimorphandra excelsa, Hirtella triandra, Inga punctata, Manilkara bidentata, Chlorocardium rodiei, Pentaclethra macroloba, Pterocarpus officinalis, Symphonia globulifera and Terminalia obovata. Palms, often growing in stands of one species, include Astrocaryum aculeatum, açaí palm, Manicaria saccifera and Mauritia flexuosa.
The World Wildlife Fund classes the ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact". A flood control program in the 1960s dammed the Caño Manamo, which reduced water levels in the upper delta. This part of the delta became tidal and much more saline than before, with a drastic impact on the flora and fauna. Otherwise the swamp forests are mostly intact. The highest risk now comes from oil exploration, which would bring more people into the region and cause forest clearance for food and building materials. The way of life of the indigenous Warao people would be disturbed by the newcomers. In some areas the açaí and moriche palm trees are over-exploited. Although the region is largely inaccessible, there is growing concern about logging. The cleared land is poor quality and cannot support farming. There are two indigenous reserves, which do not provide much protection, and several conservation units. The Delta del Orinoco Biosphere Reserve is a sustainable use unit. Part of it covers wetlands. The Imataca Forest Reserve is another sustainable use unit with a portion that covers the eastern coastal wetlands. National parks in Venezuela are fully protected, and cover parts of the wetlands and surrounding ecoregions. They include the Delta del Orinoco National Park, the Turuépano National Park in the north of the ecoregion and the Mariusa National Park that protects wetlands along the Caño Macareo.
