Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park


The Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is a proposed protected area in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu India. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km2 Palani Wildlife Sanctuary which was to be established in 2008. The park includes about 36% of the in the Palani Hills. The park is located between latitude 10°7' - 10°28' N and longitude 77°16' - 77°46' E. Central location is east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and E X NE of Kodaikanal Lake.

History

The Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of Palani located at the northern base of the hills.
In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the Indian Forest Act of 1878 and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from Kodaikanal town to the Kerala state border in the west and the Bodinayakkanur town limits to the south, and given the name of the Ampthill Downs. It was over in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.
The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary awaiting government notification is located in this division.
In 1988, the new Kodaikanal-Berijam Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the Wildlife Institute of India.
In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park.
The proposed park area includes only reserve forest land. These forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu. Their upgrade to Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of the area.
The sanctuary has been under consideration of the Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999. The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.
On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of Annamalai Tiger Reserve. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope, Andipatty reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in Mannavanur Range in Kodaikanal will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are Poondi, Mannavanur, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi, Kumbur, Kilanavayal, Kukkal, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.
The increasingly important economic role of Eco-tourism, including: trekking, hiking, camping, mountaineering, rock climbing and bird watching may help the local populace to welcome this new Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term financial benefits of the status quo versus long term stability of the natural and human community.

Geography

The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east-west length of, and a north-south width of. Area is. These hills rise in steep escarpments to a high undulating plateau ranging from to over elevation.
The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the Manjampatti Valley core area of the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park and with The Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. The Kurinjimala Sanctuary in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park. These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established Eravikulam National Park.
The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul
and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.

Geology

History

The Palani Hills are formed of pre-Cambrian gneisses, charnockites and schists; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India. The park is an eastward extension of the Western Ghats hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of East Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous period about 120 million years ago.
It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the Deccan Plateau formed later in the massive Deccan Traps eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the Reunion Hotspot.

Mountains

The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from to . The ten most prominent peaks are:
  1. Vandaravu ,
  2. Ibex Peak
  3. Vembadi Peak,
  4. Gundar,
  5. Karunmakadu ,
  6. Sandana Parai
  7. Venkombu
  8. Tina Vardi,
  9. Perumal Malai,
  10. Vellari Malai
The hill station of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m high.
The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.

Waterfalls

There are many waterfalls throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are:
  1. Alanthoni Falls at high, elevation in Manjampatti Valley, core area of Indira Gandhi National Park, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.
  2. Bamen Falls
  3. Bear Shola Falls at from Kodaikanal,
  4. Fairy Falls at from Kodaikanal),
  5. Glen Falls at Vilpatti on Palar River
  6. Gundar Falls at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over, to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.
  7. Neptune Falls and Pool at, are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road past Forest Dept. Nursery, from Kodaikanal on Poombrai Road.
  8. Palar Upper Falls also called Anju Veedu Falls, in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
  9. Palar Lower falls , , on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
  10. Poombarai Falls
  11. Pambar Falls at, elevation, is SE from Kodaikanal.
  12. Silver Cascade at high, is from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.
  13. Skamba Falls at is NE from Kodaikanal).
  14. Snake Falls Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola. Is particularly visible from Priests Walk and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.
  15. Thalaiyar Falls, at, elevation, is high. It is the highest waterfall in Tamil Nadu and the third highest in India.
  16. Gaur Vellaiyan Falls at, high, is along the Kilavarai trail between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, from Kodaikanal.
  17. is at, elevation. There is small pool above this waterfall just southwest of the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei west of the Forest Dept Hut.
  18. Unnamed Falls at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.
  19. Unnamed Falls 16m at, high, is southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.
  20. Kudiraiyar River Falls at Kookkal Kombai, high, is walk northwest of Kukkal.
  21. Kukkal Falls unnamed? at southwest of Kukkal village center
  22. Polur Falls at.
  23. Poondi Falls at estimated from Army Map and contours
  24. Kumbakarai Falls located in the lower Palni foothills, along the Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall. Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from Periyakulam with fare of Rs. 5.
  25. Unnamed Falls 10m, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation, location estimated from
  26. Unnamed Falls 15m height, elevation, location estimated from
NameHeightLocationDetails
Ananthoni Falls

Climate

The Palani Hills have a montane tropical monsoon climate which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the Deccan plateau and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between. The temperature can rise to a high of. During Dec-Feb it is between. In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.
The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:
The average annual rainfall is, mostly during the north-east monsoon.

Tribes

Nomadic Paliyan tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in Manjampatti Valley. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as scheduled caste by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging yams and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor millets in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.
They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects. Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.
Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well documented,.
Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.

Ecoregions

The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the Western Ghats of India, which is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary indigenous vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.
The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct Ecoregions with a wide diversity of Endemic species.
  1. The foothills from consist mostly of Deccan thorn scrub forests and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests. There is also some evergreen forest along streams and rivers at these altitudes.
  2. Between is dominated by South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.
  3. From are upper montane slopes characterised by shola-grassland mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant montane grasslands on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.
  4. Peaks rising to over with total area of and average elevation of consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations of wattle, pine and some eucalyptus.

    Flora and fauna

Mammals: Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.
Threatened species in the park area include: Bengal tiger,Indian elephant, Indian leopard, gaur, Nilgiri tahr and grizzled giant squirrel.
Endangered Bengal tiger populations in the adjacent Project Tiger reserves of Anamalai Tiger Reserve and the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Agasthyamalai hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day carnivore signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches.
Amphibians and reptiles:
Several little-known and endemic species of amphibians like Raorchestes dubois, Ghatixalus asterops, Micrixalus nigraventris, Indirana leptodactyla, Nyctibatrachus deccanensis and reptiles like Salea anamallayana, Hemidactylus anamallensis, Kaestlea palnica, Kaestlea travancorica, Ristella rurkii, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Teretrurus rhodogaster, Uropeltis pulneyensis, Uropeltis broughami, Uropeltis woodmasoni, Ahaetulla dispar, Boiga dightoni and Trimeresurus macrolepis occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.
Plants:

Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around. These sholas are often hotspots of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than in circumference. It contains several rare and endemic plant species including: Sonerila pulneyensis: a delicate Melastomataceae succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Hoya wightii ssp. pulneyensis: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola', Plectranthus bourneate: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Trichoglottis tenera: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat, Phyllanthus chandrabosei: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola, Huperzia sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola, Selaginella sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola, Psydraxficiformis: a tree, until recently thought extinct, Utleria salicifolia: only one clump known on the Palni hills, Elaeocarpus blascoi: a tree believed extinct until this year, Cyathea crinita: tree fern, highly endangered, Aeschynanthus perrottetii: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills, Eulophia sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,Actinodapohne bourneae: Laurel tree believed extinct. Two trees found in Pambar Shola, Ceropegia thwaitesii: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola, Pimpinella pulneyensis: scarce, Exacum anamallayannum: gentian, only one other known location in Palni hills.
The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: "The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India" by K.M. Matthew, Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $193.. Contents:
Kurinji flowers which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.

Threat aversion

There is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park.
There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination,Mercury pollution
There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:
A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006-2007.
The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called "Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness", which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the Kodaikanal - Munnar Road. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal, Poombarai, Kukkal, Kavunji, Berijam and Devadanapatty.
Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone : 91-4542-240287

External sources

, The Hindu, 1 September 2012, P. OPPILI and B. ARAVIND KUMAR