Parliament of Albania


The Parliament of Albania or Kuvendi is the unicameral representative body of the citizens of the Republic of Albania; it is Albania's legislature. The Parliament is composed of not less than 140 members elected to a four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. The Parliament is presided over by a Speaker of the Parliament, who is assisted by at least one deputy speaker. The electoral system is based on party-list proportional representation. There are 12 multi-seat constituencies, corresponding to the country's administrative divisions.
The Parliament's powers are defined by the Constitution of Albania. It is responsible to amend the borders of Albania or the Constitution, passes all laws, approves the cabinet, supervises the work of the government, declares war, decides on cessation of hostilities, adopt the state's budgets and approve the state's accounts. Another duties includes, calling referenda, performs elections and appointments conforming to the constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the government and other civil services responsible to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs other duties defined by the constitution. The Parliament also elects the President of the Republic. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. However, all laws passed by the Parliament are published by the Albanian Official Journal, which is the official journal of the Government of Albania.
The oldest Parliament with extant records was held in Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The League of Lezhë forged in Lezhë under Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu as the leader against the Ottoman Empire.

History of the Parliament

Modern

The legislative system in Albania has evolved under many different regimes, most notably in the period before 1947. From 1920 to 1923, Albania's legislature was known as the National Council. During the period of the Albanian Republic, the country had a bicameral legislature, consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. From 1928 to 1939, during the era of the Albanian Monarchy, Albania's legislature was known simply as the Parliament.
During the Italian occupation of Albania and the existence of the 1939-43 Albanian Kingdom, Albania's legislature was known as the Supreme Fascist Cooperative. From 1943 to 1944, during Nazi occupation of Albania and the formation of the 1943-44 Albanian Kingdom, Albania's legislature was known as the National Assembly. From 1944 to late 1945, a National Anti-fascist Liberation Council was formed by politicians opposing the Nazi puppet government.
Later during multiple periods of regime changes, Albania's legislature was known as the Constituent Assembly. This occurred in 1924, prior to the formation of the Albanian Republic, in 1928, prior to the formation of the first iteration of the Albanian Kingdom, and from 1946 to 1947, prior during the era Democratic Government of Albania and prior to the formation of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.

Recent

From 1947 to 1999, during the era of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Albania's legislature was known as the People's Assembly. Since 1997, the parliament has been known simply as the Parliament of the Republic of Albania. Currently the President is elected by the parliament. The current members were chosen in the 2017 Albanian parliamentary election.

Powers, duties and responsibilities

The Parliament's powers are defined by the Constitution of Albania. The Parliament represents the citizens of the Republic of Albania, it acts as the country's legislature. It convenes regularly in two sessions each year, the first session on the third Monday of January and the second session on the first Monday of September. However, extraordinary sessions may be called by the President of Albania, the Prime Minister of Albania or by one-fifth of the parliamentary members. Further the sessions are open to the public. The parliament decides through a majority votes, in the presence of more than half of its members, except for cases where the constitution provides for a qualified majority. However, decisions are made by three-fifths majority votes.
Other powers of the parliament include defining economic, legal and political relations in Albania; preservation of Albania's natural and cultural heritage and its utilisation; and forming alliances with other nations. The parliament elect the President by secret ballot and without debate by three-fifths of the parliamentary members. The president addresses messages to the Parliament and sets the date of parliamentary elections, for the organs of local power and for the conduct of referenda. The president appoints the Prime Minister on the proposal of the parliament; if the Prime Minister is not approved, the parliament elects another Prime Minister within 10 days. As specified by the Constitution, no foreign military force may be situated in, or pass through, the borders of Albania, except by a law approved by the parliament. Due to that, it has the right to deploy Albanian Armed Forces outside its borders.

Election

The 140 members of the Parliament serve four-year terms, with elections held every four years, or earlier in the relatively rare case that the Parliament is dissolved prematurely by the President. 100 members are elected directly. Elections for the Parliament are held 60 to 30 days before the end of the mandate and not later than 45 days after its dissolution. The seats of the Parliament are elected in a 12 constituency by closed list proportional representation. Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method with a 2.5% electoral threshold. The Parliament can be dissolved by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister if the latter has lost a vote of confidence in the Parliament, if the recommendation is made and accepted before the Parliament acts to elect a new Prime Minister.

Composition of the Parliament

The Constitution of Albania mandates that the Parliament consists of not less than 140 members, elected by a direct elected secret ballot for four-year terms. The electoral system is closed list proportional representation. There are 12 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the 12 administrative regions of the country. Parliamentary elections are held within 60 days to 30 days before the end of the mandate and not later than 45 days after dissolution.
As specified by the current electoral legislation in Albania, 140 members of the Parliament are elected in multi-seat constituencies. Within any constituency, parties must meet a threshold of 3 percent of votes, and pre-election coalitions must meet a threshold of 5 percent of votes.

31st Parliament

The two largest political parties in Albania are the Socialist Party and the Democratic Party. The last elections were held on 25 June 2017. Following is a list of political parties with representation in the Parliament by the 2017 Albanian parliamentary election:
LogoNameAbbr.FoundedLeaderIdeologyMPs
Socialist Party of Albania
Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë		PS15 August 1991Edi RamaSocial democracy, Third Way, Progressive, Centre-left, Western, Modernism, Social liberalism
Democratic Party of Albania
Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë		PD19 December 1990Lulzim BashaLiberal conservatism, Conservatism, Nationalism, Pro-Europeanism, Centre-right, Economic liberalism
Socialist Movement for Integration
Lëvizja Socialiste për Intigrim		LSI23 September 2004Monika KryemadhiSocial democracy, Progressivism, Centre-left
Party for Justice, Integration and Unity
Partia për Drejtësi, Integrim dhe Unitet		PDIU1 March 2011Shpëtim IdriziNationalism, Right-wing, Ethnic nationalism, Cham issue
Social Democratic Party of Albania
Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipërisë		PSD23 April 1991Ëngjëll BejtajSocial democracy, Centre-left

Post February 2019 Parliamentary Composition

During the political crisis, opposition parties announced that all their MP's in the Parliament would resign from the parliament on February 22nd, more than 40 seats were vacated and the Central Elections Commission started in the following days the procedures to replace the MP's with mostly unknown and inexperienced figures that were part of the candidate lists during the 2017 election.
After weeks of filling the vacancies, in the end the parliament had this composition.
LogoNameAbbr.FoundedLeaderIdeologyMPs
Socialist Party of Albania
Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë		PS15 August 1991Edi RamaSocial democracy, Third Way, Progressive, Centre-left, Western, Modernism, Social liberalism
Party for Justice, Integration and Unity
Partia për Drejtësi, Integrim dhe Unitet		PDIU1 March 2011Shpëtim IdriziNationalism, Right-wing, Ethnic nationalism, Cham issue
Social Democratic Party of Albania
Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipërisë		PSD23 April 1991Ëngjëll BejtajSocial democracy, Centre-left
Democratic Group
Grupi Demokrat
Right-wing group
Grupi partitë e djathta
Independent
Të Pavarur
Vacant Seats

Committees of the Parliament

Parliamentary committees investigate specific matters of policy or government administration or performance that cannot be directly handled by the Parliament due to their volume. The committees provide an opportunity for organisations and individuals to participate in policy making and to have their views placed on the public record and considered as part of the decision-making process.
The Parliament has the following committees: