Parthian Dark Age


The so-called "Parthian Dark Age" refers to a period of three decades in the history of Parthian Empire between the death of Mithridates II and the accession to the throne of Orodes II, with various date ranges being mentioned by scholars. It is called a "Dark Age" due to a lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns.
No written source describing this period has survived, and scholars have been unable to clearly reconstruct the succession of rulers and their regnal years using the existing numismatic sources due to their ambiguities. No legal or administrative document from this period has been preserved. Multiple theories have been proposed to partially address this numismatic problem.
Based on the classical sources, the names of the rulers in this period are Sinatruces and his son Phraates, Mithridates, Orodes, the sons of Phraates III, and a certain Darius, ruler of Media. Two other names, Gotarzes and Orodes are attested in dated cuneiform tablets from Babylon.