Pashtunwali


Pashtunwali means the traditional lifestyle of the Pashtun people, also called the Pathan people. Its meaning may also be interpreted as "the way of the Pashtuns" or "the code of life". Pashtunwali is widely practiced among Pashtuns, especially among the non-urbanized Pashtuns in the countryside, and dates back to ancient pre-Islamic times. Pashtuns are the plurality ethnic group in Afghanistan. In addition to being practiced by members of the Pashtun diaspora, it has been adopted by Afghans throughout the country and Pakistanis who live in the Pashtun regions or close to the Pashtuns, who have gradually become Pashtunized over time.

Overview

The native Pashtun tribes, often described as fiercely independent people, have inhabited the Pashtunistan region since at least the 1st millennium BC. During that period, much of their mountainous territory has remained outside government rule or control. This is perhaps the main reason why indigenous Pashtuns still follow Pashtunwali, which is a basic common law of the land or "code of life".
Pashtunwali rules are accepted in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and also in some Pashtun communities around the world. Some non-Pashtun Afghans and others have also adopted its ideology or practices for their own benefit. Conversely, many urbanized Pashtuns tend to ignore the rules of Pashtunwali. Passed on from generation to generation, Pashtunwali guides both individual and communal conduct. Practiced by the majority of Pashtuns, it helps to promote Pashtunization.
Pashtuns embrace an ancient traditional, spiritual, and communal identity tied to a set of moral codes and rules of behaviour, as well as to a record of history spanning some seventeen hundred years.
Pashtunwali promotes self-respect, independence, justice, hospitality, love, forgiveness, revenge and tolerance toward all. It is considered to be the personal responsibility of every Pashtun to discover and rediscover Pashtunwali's essence and meaning.

Pashtun institutions

Pashtuns are organised into tribal or extended family groups often lead by a Khan.
Disputes within clans are settled by a jirga.
In times of foreign invasion such as the Soviet-Afghan War Pashtuns may unite for war under a religious leader but authority tends not to be centralised.

Main principles

Although not exclusive, the following twelve principles form the major components of Pashtunwali.
They are headed with the words of the Pashto language that signify individual or collective Pashtun tribal functions.
  1. Melmastia – Showing hospitality and profound respect to all visitors, regardless of race, religion, national affiliation or economic status and doing so without any hope of remuneration or favor. Pashtuns will go to great lengths to show their hospitality.
  2. Nanawatai – Derived from the verb meaning to go in, this refers to the protection given to a person against his enemies. People are protected at all costs; even those running from the law must be given refuge until the situation can be clarified. Nanawatai can also be used when the vanquished party in a dispute is prepared to go into the house of the victors and ask for their forgiveness: this is a peculiar form of "chivalrous" surrender, in which an enemy seeks "sanctuary" at the house of their foe. A notable example is that of Navy Petty Officer First Class Marcus Luttrell, the sole survivor of a US Navy SEAL team ambushed by Taliban fighters. Wounded, he evaded the enemy and was aided by members of the Sabray tribe who took him to their village. The tribal chief protected him, fending off attacking tribes until word was sent to nearby US forces.
  3. Nyaw aw Badal – To seek justice or take revenge against the wrongdoer. No time limit restricts the period in which revenge can be taken. Justice in Pashtun lore needs elaborating: even a mere taunt counts as an insult. Monetary compensation can be an alternative to badal, for example in murder cases.
  4. Turah – A Pashtun must defend his land, property, and family from incursions. He should always stand bravely against tyranny and be able to defend the honour of his name. Death can follow if anyone offends this principle.
  5. Sabat – Pashtuns owe loyalty to their family, friends and tribe members. Pashtuns can never become disloyal as this would be a matter of shame for their families and themselves.
  6. Respect for the environment. Pashtuns must behave respectfully to people, to animals, and to the environment around them. Pollution of the environment or its destruction is against the Pashtunwali.
  7. Groh – Contains a wider notion of trust or faith in God. The notion of trusting in one Creator generally comports to the Islamic idea of belief in only one God.
  8. Pat, Wyaar aw Meṛaana - Pashtuns must demonstrate courage . Their pride , has great importance in Pashtun society and must be preserved. They must respect themselves and others in order to be able to do so, especially those they do not know. Respect begins at home, among family members and relatives. If one does not have these qualities they are not considered worthy of being a Pashtun.
  9. Naamus – A Pashtun must defend the honor of women at all costs and must protect them from vocal and physical harm. The killing of women is forbidden in Pashtun culture
  10. Nang – A Pashtun must defend the weak around him. In Pakistan, the crime rate is much lower in Pashtun areas than non-Pashtun areas
  11. Meheranah. A turban is considered a symbol of a Pashtun's chivalry
  12. Hewaad – A Pashtun is obliged to protect the land of the Pashtuns. Defense of the nation means the defense of Pashtun culture or "haśob" , countrymen or "hewaadwaal" , and of the self or "źaan" . This principle is also interconnected to another principle denoting the attachment a Pashtun feels with his land or źmaka . In times of foreign invasion such as the Soviet-Afghan War Pashtuns may unite for war under a religious leader.