Paternoster Row
Paternoster Row was a street in the City of London that was a centre of the London publishing trade, with booksellers operating from the street. Paternoster Row was described as "almost synonymous" with the book trade. It was part of an area also called St Paul's Churchyard.
The street was devastated by aerial bombardment during the World War II. In 2003 the street was replaced with Paternoster Square, the modern home of the London Stock Exchange, although a City of London Corporation road sign remains in the square near where Paternoster Row once stood.
Name
The street is supposed to have received its name from the fact that, when the monks and clergy of St Paul's Cathedral would go in procession chanting the great litany, they would recite the Lord's Prayer. The prayers said at these processions may have also given the names to nearby Ave Maria Lane and Amen Corner.An alternative etymology is the early traders, who sold a type of prayer been known as a "pater noster".
History
The name of the street dates back at least to the 16th century.Houses in St. Paul's Churchyard were damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666, burning down the old St. Paul's Cathedral. When the new St. Paul's Cathedral was erected, booksellers returned after a number of years.
Gentleman Henry Robert Gunnell, Esq. of Millbank, a senior officer in the House of Commons, bought No. 8 Paternoster Row in 1778 as one of his portfolio of properties and soon after gave it to his eldest son John Gunnell, a Westminster gentleman. John though seldom stayed at the house, as he lived mainly at Margate, Kent, and it was instead used as a literary venue by his father Henry Robert and his friends, where among other notable members, Jane Timbury would attend. Her stance as a novelist and poet later inspired Jane Austen in her career. Henry Robert Gunnell's wife Anne Rozea was known for her attendance, reciting moving French poetry dressed in an exquisite mantua with ornate jubilee hat. Johann Christian Bach was also known to have attended on occasions. Henry Robert had bought No. 8 Paternoster Row from Sylvanus Hall, a successful London currier and leather goods craftsman, who had two other houses on Paternoster Row and had earlier worked with Anne Rozea at “Gunnell’s Hat Warehouse” at No. 54 Chandois Street, Covent Garden, from the mid 1760s. There he oversaw the manufacture of fashionable hats, cloaks and silk garments and on 2 February 1769 married Henry Robert Gunnell and Anne Rozea's daughter Ann Gunnell at the church of St Paul's, Covent Garden. They lived at No. 8 Paternoster Row for nine years, until her father bought it for his son John as part of his inheritance. Ann and Sylvanus Hall then moved to a house on Golden Square, Marylebone. On 21 February 1776, at the Old Bailey, Jeremiah Pope was indicted for stealing ‘six hundred pounds' weight of lead piping’ from the three properties of Sylvanus Hall in Paternoster Row. Another well-known visitor to No. 8 was Thomas Vanhagen, whose famous pastry shop was located nearby inside St Paul’s Churchyard and where many Londoners took their refreshment. Various caricatures of Vanhagen were published over the years. His daughter Charlotte married Henry Robert and Anne’s son Henry Gunnell, also of the House of Commons, on 10 July 1779. The Gunnells eventually sold No. 8 Paternoster Row in 1794.
A bust of Aldus Manutius, writer and publisher, can be seen above the fascia of [|number 13]. The bust was placed there in 1820 by Bible publisher Samuel Bagster.
It was reported that Charlotte Brontë and Anne Brontë stayed at the Chapter Coffeehouse on the street when visiting London in 1847. They were in the city to meet their publisher regarding Jane Eyre.
A fire broke out at [|number 20] Paternoster Row on 6 February 1890. Occupied by music publisher Fredrick Pitman, the first floor was found to be on fire by a police officer at 21:30. The fire alarm was sounded at St. Martin's-le-Grand and fire crews extinguished the flames in half an hour. The floor was badly damaged, with smoke, heat and water impacting the rest of the building.
This blaze was followed later the same year on 5 October by 'an alarming fire'. At 00:30 a fire was discovered at W. Hawtin and Sons, based in [|numbers 24 and 25]. The wholesale stationers' warehouse was badly damaged by the blaze.
On 21 November 1894, police raided an alleged gambling club which was based on the first floor of [|59] Paternoster Row. The club known both as the 'City Billiard Club' and the 'Junior Gresham Club' had been there barely three weeks at the time of the raid. Forty-five arrests were made, including club owner Albert Cohen.
On 4 November 1939, a large-scale civil defence exercise was held in the City of London. One of the simulated seats of fire was in Paternoster Row.
Trübner & Co. was one of the publishing companies on Paternoster Row.
Destruction during World War II
The street was devastated by aerial bombardment during the Blitz of World War II, suffering particularly heavy damage in the night raid of 29–30 December 1940, later characterised as the Second Great Fire of London, during which an estimated 5 million books were lost in the fires caused by tens of thousands of incendiary bombs.After the raid a letter was written to The Times describing:
Another correspondent with the newspaper, Ernest W. Larby, described his experience of 25 years working on Paternoster Row:
The ruins of Paternoster Row were visited by Wendell Willkie in January 1941. He said, "I thought that the burning of Paternoster Row, the street where the books are published, was rather symbolic. They have destroyed the place where the truth is told".
Printers and booksellers based in Paternoster Row
Note: Before about 1762, premises in London had signs rather than numbers.- The Tyger's Head – Christopher Barker, his son Robert Barker
- The Star – Henry Denham
- The Brazen Serpent – Robert Dawlman, Luke Fawne, Samuel Gellibrand
- The Golden Ball/Ball – Samuel Gellibrand , two of his sons Edward Gellibrand, John Gellibrand, F.? Gellibrand
- The Gun – F.? Brome
- The Bell – B. Crayle
- The Sun – G. Wells
- The Angel – Moses Pitt
- The Bear – O. Blagrave
- The Rose and Crown – R. Chiswell
- The Crane – E. Brewster
- The Peacock – Robert Clavel/Clavell
- The Three Pigeons – F.? Baker
- The Golden Lyon/Golden Lion – F.? Robinson
- The Red Lyon/Red Lion – H. Bonwick
- The Phoenix/Phœnix – H. Mortlock, Ed. Giles
- The Three Flower-de-luces/Three Flower-de-Luces – H. Hatley
- The Bishopshead/Bishops Head/Bishops head – W. Kettilby
- The Princes Arms/Prince's Arms – Samuel Smith, Benjamin Walford, printers to the Royal Society
- The Globe – F.? Taylor, T. Cooper
- The Ship – B. Tooke, John Taylor, his son William Taylor, subsequently Longmans
- The Black Swan – John and Awnsham Churchill – possibly John Taylor, later his son William Taylor, subsequently Longmans
- The Crown – T. Rickerton
- No. 1 – J. Souter, Jan Van Voorst
- No. 2 – Orr and Co., J. W. Myers
- No. 3 – Jan Van Voorst
- No. 5 – Groombridge and Sons
- No. 6 Panyer Alley – R. Groombridge
- No. 10 – W. W. Gardner
- No. 9 – S. W. Partridge and Co.
- No. 11 – W. Brittain
- No. 12 – Trubner and Co.
- No. 15 – Samuel Bagster and Sons
- No. 17 – Thomas Kelly
- No. 20 & 21 – F. Pitman, later F. Pitman Hart and Co. Ltd.
- No. 21 – J. Parsons
- No. 23 – Piper, Stephenson, and Spence
- No. 24 – George Wightman
- No. 25 – George Robinson, from 1763 to 1801, with John Roberts, 1763 to 1776
- No. 27 Ivy Lane – Walton and Maberly , Hodder & Stoughton
- No. 28 Upper Gower Street – Walton and Maberly
- No. 31 – Sheed & Ward
- No. 33 – Hamilton and Co.
- No. 37 – James Duncan, Blackwood and Sons
- No. 39 – Longman, Hust, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, later Longman and Co., later Longmans, Green, and Co.
- No. 40 – West and Hughes
- No. 47 – Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Baldwin and Craddock, later Chambers
- No. 56 – The Religious Tract Society
- No. 60 – The Sunday School Union later Trübner & Co
- No. 62 – Eliot Stock
- No. 65 – Houlston and Stoneman
- C. Davis
- Hawes, Clarke and Collins
- Oxford University Press – Bible warehouse destroyed by fire in 1822, rebuilt c. 1880
- Sampson Low
- H. Woodfall & Co.
- Marshall Brothers Ltd., Keswick House, Paternoster Row, London
- Thomas Nelson
- Sherwood, Neely, and Jones
- R. Fenner
- Kent and Co.
- Hurst & Blackett
- Jackson & Walford
- Hutchinson & Co.
Others based in Paternoster Row
- No. 34 – Boys Brigade London HQ
- No. 60 – Friendly Female Society, "for indigent widows and single women of good character, entirely under the management of ladies."
In popular culture
- The Siege of Paternoster Row was an anonymous 1826 booklet in verse, attacking the reliability of bankers.
- The Paternoster Gang are a trio of Victorian detectives aligned with the Doctor in the television series Doctor Who, so named because they are based in Paternoster Row.
- In the episode "Young England" of the 2016 television series Victoria, a stalker of Queen Victoria indicates that he lives on Paternoster Row.