Petar Preradović


Petar Preradović was a Croatian poet, writer, and military general. He was one of the most important Croatian poets of the 19th century Illyrian movement and the main representative of romanticism in Croatia.
He was also the paternal grandfather of the Austrian writer and poet Paula Preradović, who is best known for composing the lyrics of the Austrian national anthem.

Early life and education

Petar Preradović was born to a family of Serb origin in the village of Grabrovnica near the town of Pitomača in modern-day Croatia, which was a part of the Croatian Military Frontier at the time. He was born to Ivan and Pelagija Preradović, and spent his childhood in his fathers' hometown of Grubišno Polje and Đurđevac. In autobiography Crtice moga života, Preradović wrote of himself as a Croat. He had two sisters, Marija and Ana.
Following his fathers' death in 1828, Preradović, like many from the Military Frontier area, chose to become a professional soldier. He enrolled at the military academy in Bjelovar and later Wiener Neustadt where he converted from Eastern Orthodox Church to Catholicism and went on to excel as one of the school's best students. During the training, all Academy students were conducted as Roman Catholics, which could've been changed at the express request of the soldier. However, this has rarely occurred. Thus Preradović, tacitly signed as a Roman Catholic convert from the Orthodox Christianity which was legitimized by a formal act of conversion. His loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church was later increased since both he and his wife were Roman Catholics. While at the Academy, he began writing his first poems in German with distinctive features of romanticism.

Career

After graduation, he was stationed in Milan where he met Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, a fellow officer from Croatia, who inspired him to start writing in Croatian. This stimulated his interest in Croatian culture and Croatia's political and economic situation. After Milan, Preradović was posted to Zadar where he wrote his first song in Croatian, Poslanica Špiri Dimitroviću . His writings were published in the local Croatian language newspaper Zora dalmatinska in 1846. He then went to Zagreb where he met the leading figures of the Illyrian movement. At the request of Ante Kuzmanić, who was then editor of the Zora dalmatinska, Preradović wrote the song "Zora puca, biche dana" for the first issue of the paper. Like most of his songs, this one speaks of the emergence of Croatian national consciousness and suggests a new, prosperous era for the Croatian people. Since then, he has been systematically continuing his poetry work in Croatian language and has also advocated official acceptance of Ljudevit Gaj's grammar in southern Croatia.
In 1848, he was again stationed in Italy where he took part in the Wars of Italian Unification. In September of 1848, he traveled to Dubrovnik where a month later he married Zadar native Pavica de Ponte. In 1849, he was transferred to Zagreb where he was assigned to the military department of the Ban's Court. In 1851, Ban Josip Jelačić appointed him deputy commander of the military department and Ban's adjutant. At the end of 1852, he moved to Cremona, in 1853 to Verona, in September of that same year to Pančevo, and afterward to Kovin, Arad and Transylvania. In 1854, he was assigned to the Supreme Command in Vienna. In 1855, his wife Pavica committed suicide which made him interested in spiritism in his later years. In 1865, he married Emma Regner and was sent to Verona to fight in a war with Italy.
On 24 February 1864, Emperor Franz Joseph I awarded Preradović with the nobility, and also gave him a part of his personal treasury as Preradović was at the time in a bad financial situation. Preradović wrote a song in his honor. In 1866, he became a general. In mid-1871 he participated in the military exercises at Bruck and was in the same year suggested for the position of Croatian ban, but he was very sick and wrote in a letter that he was not interested.
His health deteriorated at the end of 1871 so he was sent to treatment in Mariabrunn near Munich and then in the Austrian town of Fahrafeld. Petar Preradović died on 18 August 1872 from dropsy. He was buried on 21 August 1872 in Vienna. Viennese youth organization Velebit, proposed that his remains should be transferred to Zagreb. On 11 July 1879, his remains were removed from the Vienna cemetery and transferred to the arcades of Mirogoj cemetery where he was buried on 14 July 1879. Mayor of Zagreb August Šenoa held an inspired speech and stirred up the hymn to Preradović, which was inaugurated by Ivan Zajc. The gravestone monument to Petar Preradović, depicting Croatia in a form of a woman that lays flowers on his grave, was made by sculptor Ivan Rendić.
He had eight children: Čedomil, Milica, Slavica, Dušan, Radovan Josip Petar, Milan, Zora and Jelica. One of his grandchildren was Paula von Preradović, Austrian poet and the author of the Austrian national anthem.

Lyric Poetry

While attending the military academy in Vienna, Preradović began writing his first poems in German. In 1840, he met Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, who awoke his interest in Croatian culture and encouraged him to write in his native Croatian language. In 1841, in Zagreb's German magazine Croatia he published the song Das Uskoken-Mädchen. On the initiative of Špiro Dmitrović, in 1843, Preradović wrote the first poem in the Croatian language, Poslanica Špiri Dimitroviću. His first published song written in Croatian Zora puca, biche dana dana was published in 1844 in the first issue of Zora dalmatinska. Preradović remained one of the constants of Croatian romanticism by its very nature.
The romantic love for medieval traditions has a complete expression in two Preradović's dramas, Marko Kralyevich and Vladimir i Kosara. But he achieved widespread popularity with his lyric poems. His pensive melancholy expressed itself in the allegory Putnik, which hides a whole life of homelessness and isolation. The same note of sadness and longing is felt in his songlet Miruy, miruy, srtse moye :
Who has stirred thee, heart of mine,
That thou art so restless now?
As a bird in a cage thou longest,
In the heavens to wing thy way.
Be still, my heart, be still!...

In most of his poems, Preradović upheld a mystic patriotism in the manner of the Polish messianists and Czech and Slovak pan-Slavists. But being too reflective, and not so keen as his progenitors, he did not exercise any decided influence on his successors.

Translator

Preradović translated during schooling the song Máy by Czech poet Karel Hynek Mácha to German. He published in Prevenci his translations of works by Lanau, Scmidt, Lübeck, Gleim, Wieland, Goethe and Bürger. Under Kukuljević's advisement, he translated part of Ivan Gundulić's Osman to German. Preradović translated from French to Croatian Allan Kardec's L’Évangile selon le Spiritisme. He also translated works by V. J. Pick, George Gordon Byron, Dante Alighieri and Alessandro Manzoni. Preradović translated from Croatian to German Franjo Rački's Rieka prema Hrvatskoj. He spoke German, Italian, French, English and almost all Slavic languages.

Works

Incomplete list :