Beethoven was about 30 years old when he wrote the sonata. He had already made a name for himself in Vienna as pianist and composer and was beginning to explore alternatives to the classical-era compositional procedures that he had largely adhered to during the 18th century. The most famous works of his "middle period", often emphasizing heroism, were yet to come. Beethoven's sketches for the first, second, and final movements survive, but the original autograph copy is lost. The sonata was published separately from its more famous companion, Opus. 27 No. 2, but at the same time, by Cappi in Vienna; the first advertisements for the work appeared 3 March 1802. Both Op. 27 sonatas were originally titled Sonata quasi una fantasia. The dedicatee of the work was an aristocrat, Princess Josephine von Liechtenstein. Little is known of Beethoven's relationship with her.
''Quasi una fantasia''
translates the Italian title Sonata quasi una fantasia as "sonata in the manner of a fantasy". While we cannot know precisely why Beethoven used this description for the two Op. 27 sonatas, several explanations are available. In the case of the present work, the entire sonata is played continuously without pauses between movements, in the manner of most fantasias. The movements are not in the usual order for a sonata: the opening movement is a slow movement and the scherzo and slow movement are in inverted order. The first movement is not in sonata form, as is true for most sonatas. As Kenneth Drake has pointed out, the movements are in extreme contrast with each other, a common trait of the sections of a fantasia. Lastly, the appearance of a quotation from one movement within another is a form of freedom not ordinarily employed in classical sonatas. Several of these patterns are mentioned in Lewis Lockwood's discussion of the aesthetics of Beethoven's "quasi una fantasia" works:
Movements
The Op. 27 No. 1 sonata is laid out in four movements: The first movement is in five-part rondo form instead of sonata form, unusual for Beethoven. The tempo is slow, interrupted by a fast medial section. The second movement is a scherzo and is in ternary form. The main theme consists of mostly quarter notes in parallel octaves. When it returns following the trio section, the left hand plays staccato and the notes of the right hand part are offset half a beat later. The movement includes a brief coda and concludes on the chord C major, a Picardy third. The third movement is slow in tempo and features a lyrical, noble theme, set against an eighth note accompaniment. The movement does not conclude in its tonic key, but instead reaches a final cadenza that leads directly to the finale. The movement is brief and thus might be heard by some listeners as an introduction to the final movement rather than as an independent movement. The finale is the most extended movement of the work; Charles Rosen notes, "With this movement, Beethoven began an experiment, to which he continued to return and develop through the years, of displacing some of the weight of the work from the opening movement to the finale". The work is in fast tempo and in sonata rondo form. In the coda section, the main theme of the slow movement briefly returns, followed by a brief cadenza. There follows a short final section, marked Presto, based on a tightly compressed version of the main theme. A typical performance of the work lasts 15 minutes.
