He became major of the Imperial Guard in 1814, and accompanied Napoléon into exile to the island of Elba, where he was a military commander. He then returned with Napoléon to France on 1 March 1815 for the Hundred Days, capturing the fortress of Sisteron, and was made a Count by Napoléon when they arrived at Paris. Cambronne was seriously wounded at the Battle of Waterloo and was taken prisoner by the British. He subsequently married the nurse who cared for him. The exact circumstances of his surrender to the British are disputed. At the battle's conclusion, Cambronne was commanding the last carré of the Old Guard when General Colville called on him to surrender. According to a journalist named Rougement, Cambronne replied: "La garde meurt mais ne se rend pas !". These words were often repeated and put on the base of a statue of Cambronne in Nantes after his death. Other sources reported that Colville insisted and ultimately Cambronne replied with one word: "Merde!" This version of the reply became famous in its own right, becoming known as le mot de Cambronne and repeated in Victor Hugo's account of Waterloo in his novel Les Misérables and in Edmond Rostand's play L'Aiglon. The name Cambronne was later used as a polite euphemism and sometimes even as a verb, "cambronniser". Cambronne always denied both Rougement's account and the one-word response, stating that he could not have said such a thing and remained alive. A series of letters to The Times claimed that British Colonel Hugh Halkett, commanding the 3rd Hanoverian Brigade, captured Cambronne before he made any reply. "The Guard dies..." statement has also been ascribed to General Claude-Etienne Michel. In July 1845 the sons of General Michel requested a royal decree stating that the words attributed to General Cambronne had in fact been said by their father, producing a number of witnesses and published historical works as evidence. The attribution was left undecided.
Further career
He was tried for treason in France, but well defended by the royalist Antoine Pierre Berryer, he was acquitted on 26 April 1816. He later married Mary Osburn, the Scottish nurse who had cared for him after Waterloo. In 1820, Louis XVIII made him Commandant at Lille with the rank of brigadier, and made him a viscount. He retired to his birthplace in 1823, dying there in 1842. A statue of Cambronne was erected in Nantes in 1848, and a square in Paris, the Place Cambronne, also commemorates him. He was buried in Cemetery Miséricorde, Nantes. He makes a fictional appearance in C. S. Forester's Hornblowershort story "St. Elizabeth of Hungary". Hornblower discovers Cambronne in the West Indies on a rather surprising errand. Cambronne's exact words at Waterloo are discussed.
