Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 September 1940 until 25 June 1945, based in London as the Netherlands was occupied.
Gerbrandy attended a Gymnasium in Zetten from June 1897 until June 1904 and applied at the Free University Amsterdam in June 1904 majoring in Law and obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree in July 1906 and worked as a student researcher before graduating with a Master of Laws degree in September 1910 and later got a doctorate as a Doctor of Law on 27 January 1911. Gerbrandy worked as a lawyer and prosecutor from February 1911 until August 1920 in Leiden from February 1911 until March 1914 and in Sneek from March 1914 until August 1920. Gerbrandy also served in the military reserve force of the Royal Netherlands Army as a Captain during World War I from December 1914 until December 1918. Gerbrandy served on the Municipal Council of Sneek from April 1916 until January 1930 and served on the Provincial-Council of Friesland from July 1919 until August 1920 and as a member of the Provincial-Executive of Friesland from August 1920 until January 1930. Gerbrandy worked as a professor of Corporate law, Competition law and Property law at the Free University Amsterdam from 15 January 1930 until 10 August 1939. Gerbrandy also became active in the public sector occupying numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards and served on several :nl:Staatscommissie|state commissions and councils on behalf of the government. On 27 July 1939 the Cabinet Colijn V was dismissed by Queen Wilhelmina and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the cabinet formation of 1939 when it was replaced by the Cabinet De Geer II with Gerbrandy appointed as Minister of Justice, taking office on 10 August 1939.
On 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands and the government fled to London to escape the German occupation. The Cabinet De Geer II fell on 26 August 1940 after a conflict between Queen Wilhelmina and Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity. Shortly thereafter Gerbrandy was approached by the Vice-President of the Council of State Frans Beelaerts van Blokland as a candidate for Prime Minister, Gerbrandy accepted and was appointed as Formateur to form a new War cabinet. The following cabinet formation of 1940 resulted in a coalition agreement between the Anti-Revolutionary Party, the Roman Catholic State Party, the Social Democratic Workers' Party, the Christian Historical Union, the Free-thinking Democratic League and the Liberal State Party to from a Government of National Unity which formed the Cabinet Gerbrandy I with Gerbrandy becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands and continuing as Minister of Justice, taking office on 3 September 1940. The Cabinet Gerbrandy I fell on 12 June 1941 after a conflict between Queen Wilhelmina and Minister of Defence Adriaan Dijxhoorn and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the cabinet formation of 1941 that resulted in the continuation of the coalition agreement which formed the Cabinet Gerbrandy II with Gerbrandy continuing as Prime Minister and Minister of Justice, taking office on 27 July 1941. Gerbrandy was also appointed as Minister of Colonial Affairs following the resignation of Charles Welter and dual served in both positions, taking office on 17 November 1941. On 21 February 1942 Gerbrandy resigned as Minister of Justice following the appointment of Jan van Angeren. On 21 May 1942 Gerbrandy resigned as Minister of Colonial Affairs following the appointment of Hubertus van Mook and was appointment as Minister of General Warfare the same day. On 27 January 1945 Gerbrandy forced Minister of the Interior Jaap Burger to resign following an impromptu remark during a radio address where Burger differentiated between "wrongful" Dutch civilians and Dutch civilians who made a mistake but because Gerbrandy did not discuss this with rest of the cabinet all the Social Democratic Workers' Party cabinet members announced their resignation and the cabinet continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced by the Cabinet Gerbrandy III with Gerbrandy remaining Prime Minister and Minister of General Warfare and appointed again as Minister of Justice, taking office on 23 February 1945. Following the end of World War II Queen Wilhelmina ordered the formation of a new Government of National Unity to reorganize the state and make preparations for new elections. Following the cabinet formation of 1945 Gerbrandy was not giving a cabinet post in the new cabinet, the Cabinet Gerbrandy III was replaced by the Cabinet Schermerhorn–Drees on 25 June 1945.
Gerbrandy remained in active politics, he was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1948, serving as a frontbencher from 27 July 1948 until 3 July 1956. Gerbrandy subsequently returned as a Member of the House of Representatives after Jelle Zijlstra was appointed as Ministers of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Drees I following the election of 1956, taking office on 23 October 1956. In December 1958 Gerbrandy announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1959 and continued to serve until the end of the parliamentary term on 20 March 1959.
Early life
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was born on 13 April 1885 in the village of Goënga near Sneek, in the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands. He was an ethnic Frisian, and his name is styled in the traditional Frisian way: first name, patronymic, family name. Incidentally, the name Gerbrandy is also a patronymic; his great-great-grandfather Jouke Gerbrens took 'Gerbrandy’ as a family name on 30 December 1811.Politics
From 1920 to 1930, he was a member of the States of Friesland for the Anti-Revolutionary Party, and became a professor at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Against his party's advice he was Minister of Justice.World War II
The royal family and many leading politicians had fled to London in 1940. There, they formed a government in exile. After De Geer's resignation and because of Gerbrandy's rejection of De Geer's defeatism, Queen Wilhelmina appointed him as prime minister of the Dutch government in exile, serving in turn as minister of justice, the Colonies, and the general conduct of the War. On his initiative, the Dutch government started to broadcast from Radio Oranje. This station supplied the Dutch population with information from the free world whilst under the occupation of Nazi Germany. His premature broadcast on 4 September 1944 that Allied forces had crossed the border prompted the celebrations of Dolle Dinsdag, and undermined the morale of the German occupiers. Gerbrandy became an inspirational figure to Dutch citizens during the wartime period, as such he was awarded a medal of valour in 1950 and knighted by HRH Princess Wilhelmina.Postwar
After the liberation of the south in 1945, he formed a new cabinet without socialists, which was alleged to be strictly subordinated to military rule. He resigned after the total liberation. He strongly opposed the government's "Indonesian policy", and in 1946–50 chaired the National Committee for the Maintenance of the Kingdom's Unity, which was against the separation of Indonesia and supported the idea of a Republic of the South Moluccas.In 1950, his book Indonesia was published, offering an explanation of the history of the relationship of the two nations from the 1600s to 1948, including "The Indies under the Netherland's Rule, The Rule of Law, The Japanese Occupation" and "Chaos," with each section outlining his detailed observations.
In 1948, he returned to the Dutch Parliament. However, his hot temper alienated his party members. In 1956, he was member of a commission which investigated the affair surrounding Greet Hofmans. In 1959, he resigned as a member of Parliament.