Plains Village period


The Plains Village period or the Plains Village tradition is an archaeological period on the Great Plains from North Dakota down to Texas, spanning approximately 900/950 to 1780/1850 CE.
On the west and east, Plains villagers were bounded by the Rocky Mountains and the Eastern Woodlands. Prior to the reintroduction of the horse and contact with Europeans and Africans, Plains Indians were mostly semi-sedentary; they typically farmed in villages and hunted bison in temporary camps. Depending upon the region, their architecture included grass houses; stone-lined, semi-subterranean pit-houses; and earth lodges. Bison scapula hoes were important tools in farming crops such as maize, beans, and squash. People made ceramic pots for cooking and storage.
The people of the earlier parts of this archaeological period spoke Siouan languages and Caddoan languages. They are of the Siouan-speaking Mandan and Hidatsa and the Caddoan-speaking Arikara, Pawnee, and Wichita peoples. During this time period, many more tribes from diverse language groups entered the Plains from the east and the west.
Chronology of the early Great Plains includes these periods:
Geographically, the Plains Village period is divided into:
The Southern Plains to Nebraska are included in the Central Plains Village period. Dates for the Central Plains Village culture in Nebraska are given as 900 to 1450 CE. This period marked a time with the greatest population in Nebraska, even compared to the present, and most archeological sites date from 1000 to 1400 CE. The Dakotas are part of the Northern Plains Village tradition. A Northeastern Plains Village tradition for the shores of Devils Lake and the lands near the James, Sheyenne, Maple, and Red Rivers in eastern North Dakota.

Chronology

Archaeologists debate specific dates, but this period has been subdivided into the following general chronology:
For post-archaic periods, the Kansas Historical Society uses the chronology of Early Ceramic period, Middle Ceramic period, and Late Ceramic period.

Phases and complexes

These periods are further divided into geographically-specific phases.
Plains Village cultures in southern Colorado and Kansas, northern New Mexico, northwestern Texas, and western Oklahoma are called the Southern Plains villagers. This group includes the Redbud Plains variant includes the Paoli phase, Washita River phase. Custer phase, and Turkey Creek phase of western Oklahoma.
The Henrietta and Wylie Creek focuses are located in north-central Texas; the Upper Canark variant in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles includes the Antelope Creek phase, and the Buried City and Zimms complexes; the Apishapa phase in southeastern Colorado; and the Bluff Creek, Wilmore, and Pratt complexes are in south central Kansas. A group of protohistoric Wichita villages in central Kansas are called the Great Bend aspect.
The Wheeler phase dates from 1450 to 1700 CE, which comprised the Edwards complex of southwest Oklahoma and the Wheeler complex. Wheeler phase archaeological sites include the Edwards I site, Taylor site, Little Deer site, Duncan site, and Goodwin-Baker site, Parade Ground site all in western Oklahoma, and additional sites in northern Texas.
The Garza Complex of the Texas Panhandle-Plains likely spans 1450 to 1700 as well.
Thousands of Central Plains Village tradition sites have been discovered in Nebraska. One of the most significant is the Patterson site, a village in Sarpy County dating from 1000 to 1400 CE.