Planned change


One of the foundational definitions in the field of organizational development is planned change:
According to Beckard defines that
“Organization Development is an effort planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, to increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organization's 'processes,' using behavioral-science knowledge.”
-- Beckard, “Organization development: Strategies and Models”, Reading, MA: soweto mbeya, 2013, p. 9.
To understand the practice of OD, some of the key terms, embedded in James's formulation, include: