The history of the Baining peoples is strongly influenced by the seventeenth-century migration of the Tolai, an Melanesian people who drove the Papuan Baining from the fertile volcanic regions of the north-east of New Britain. Following the arrival of European colonists, Tolai people had favourable access to Western education and government, enabling further exploitation of the neighbouring Baining. The emulation of Western government and the sense of ethnic unity produced by the rivalry with the Tolai provided the bases of Baining culture that resulted in Pomio Kivung. The movement itself was founded by the Kandrian politician and MP Koriam Urekit upon his election in 1964, following a prophecy made by the Pomio cult leader Bernard Balatape the year before. During Koriam's parliamentary career he, Bernard, and his successor Kolman Kintape Molu were all accorded a divine stature by Pomio Kivung devotees, as intermediaries between the physical and spiritual worlds. Koriam held the Pomio-Kandrian seat until his death in 1978, and successive Pomio Kivung representatives occupied it continuously until 2002.
Beliefs
The Pomio Kivung movement incorporates narratives of sovereignty and economic development, syncretic Christianity, and traditional Papuan ancestor worship into a single religious system. Its adherents believe in a coming millennium, during which the ancestors of Pomio-Baining people will return as "Western scientists and industrialists" to transform East New Britain into a vast urban metropolis, politically and economically independent from Papua New Guinea. During this period - referred to as the 'Period of the Companies', every material need will be provided for. However, those who do not indulge themselves in this time and instead devote themselves to the movement will enter a second millennium, the paradisaical 'Period of Government' free of death, disease, reproduction, work and warfare. During the Period of Government, the living Baining will be able to remove their brown skin to find healthy white skin underneath. Those who give into hedonism during the Period of the Companies will instead find themselves in Hell or 'jail'. This millenarian vision is accompanied by a mysticalbelief in the present existence of 'government' on a spiritual plane. God and virtuous ancestors reside on this plane, referred to as the 'Ancestral Council' or 'Village Government', and devotees look forward to joining it after death. Ancestors on this plane also take part in voting during elections, providing success to Pomio Kivung candidates over their opponents. Unlike the Christian Heaven, this plane is conceptually located underground, as part of a web of metaphors contrasting the material surface or 'skin' with underlying spiritual reality or 'food'. Devotion to this spiritual plane is described in the language of government, partly as a kind of anti-language to disguise its meaning from Melanesian authorities and partly as a real spiritual expression of material needs. Pomio Kivung is also characterised by a strong reverence for an altered version of the Ten Commandments, which are represented by a decorative pole inscribed with the Roman numerals I to X placed in every Pomio Kivung village. These Commandments, followers believe, were taught to Koriam by a white man named 'brother'. Those who break the Commandments are required to perform penance in the form of silent contemplation, called a 'Check', in front of a money jar called 'Television'. The spiritual essence of money raised through 'Televisions' is believed to go to the Gavman'' under the earth, while its 'skin' is sent to 'buy government' around the world to hasten the arrival of the millennium.
