The Positive Youth Justice model offers an alternative approach to working with children and young people in conflict with the law. PYJ is both reactionary and progressive. It is reactionary against contemporary risk-based models of youth justice that stigmatise and exclude children by prioritising the prevention of negative behaviours and outcomes that allegedly result from exposure to risk factors. This approach portrays children as passive, helpless, risky and dangerous unless adults intervene in their lives using risk-focused responses. PYJ is progressive through its focus on promoting positive behaviours and outcomes for children. PYJ seeks to normalise offending behaviour by children and to respond through promotional, child-friendly, diversionary and inclusionary interventions. The successful application of the PYJ model in England and Wales has been illustrated by the 'Children First, Offenders Second' approach, a form of PYJ advocating the systemic use of child-friendly and child-appropriate responses grounded in positive prevention, diversion, evidence-based partnership working, children's participation and engagement, legitimacy and responsibilising adults to ensure positive outcomes for children. This body of work has been the primary research output of Professor Kevin Haines and Professor Stephen Case. In the United States, a form of PYJ is supported by researchers at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. The U.S. model is an effort to blend the science of adolescent development with the practice principles of positive youth development to design interventions for justice-involved youth. The PYJ model encourages youth justice systems to focus on protective factors as well as risk factors, strengths as well as problems, positive outcomes as well as negative outcomes, and generally to focus on facilitating successful transitions to adulthood for young people. As promulgated in the U.S., the PYJ model is designed to facilitate youths' acquisition of two key assets in six separate life domains. There are important differences between PYJ in the USA and in England & Wales.
