Potnia is a poetic title of honour, used chiefly in addressing females, whether goddesses or women; its masculine analogue is posis. Its hypothetical Proto-Indo-European form *, "mistress", "lady", "wife", is the feminine counterpart to *pótis, "husband"; cf. Latin ', "host", Sanskrit', "master", "husband", fem. , "lady", "wife". Potnia is attested in the Linear B script in Mycenean Greek: ???? po-ti-ni-ja. The word was inherited in classical Greek with the same meaning. A related Greek word is despoina. An alternative etymology of the goddess Demeter comes through Potnia and Despoina.
Origins
The figure of a goddess of nature, of birth and death was dominant during the Bronze Age, in both Minoan and Mycenean cults. In the Mycenean cult she was known by the title Potnia. The earliest references to the title are inscriptions in Linear Bsyllabic script found at Pylos and at Knossos, Crete, dated 1450-1300 BC. On a number of tablets from Pylos, we find po-ti-ni-ja without any accompanying word. Chadwick suggests that she was the mother-goddess of the Mycenaeans. It seems that she had an important shrine at the site Pakijanes near Pylos. Wanax was her male companion in the Mycenean cult, and this title was usually applied to the god Poseidon as king ofthe underworld. Another epithet of Poseidon was e-ne-si-da-o-ne and in the cave of AmnisosEnesidaon is related to the cult of Eileithyia. She was a goddess of nature concerned with the annual birth of the divine child. Potnia and her male companion survived in the Eleusinian cult, where the following words were uttered : "Mighty Potnia has born a strong son". An inscription from Knossos refers to the "potnia of the labyrinth", who probably presided over the palace of Knossos. A famous Minoan seal impression found by Arthur Evans shows a nameless goddess brandishing a spear and standing upon the representation of a mountain flanked by rampant lions, and the representation seems similar to the Homeric potnia theron. Several tablets in Linear B script found at Knossos and Pylos refer to the potnia. Potnia is almost always accompanied by an epithet characterizing a particular place or function of the mistress : po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-ja, si-to-po-ti-ni-ja, po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-ja. At Knossos a tablet refers to a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja, "potnia Athana", a form similar to the later Homeric form. This divine title could be the translation of a similar title of Pre-Greek origin, just as the title "Our Lady" in Christianity is translated in several languages. The Pre-Greek name may be related to a-sa-sa-ra , a possible interpretation of inscriptions found in Linear A texts. Although Linear A is not yet deciphered, Palmer relates tentatively the inscription a-sa-sa-ra-me which seems to have accompanied goddesses, with the Hittiteišhaššara, which means "lady or mistress", and especially with išhaššaramis.
Classical Greece
In classical Greece the title potnia is usually applied to the goddesses Demeter, Artemis, Athena, and Persephone. This title was also given to the earth goddess Gaia. A similar title Despoina, "the mistress", was given to the nameless goddess of the mysteries of Arcadian cult, later conflated with Kore, the goddess of the Eleusinian mysteries. Homer in the Iliad mentions a potnia theron who is obviously Artemis. Karl Kerenyi identifies Persephone with the nameless "mistress of the labyrinth". Demeter and Persephone were the two great goddesses of the Arcadian cults. According to Pausanias at Olympia they were called Despoinai. Demeter and Persephone were also called "Demeteres" as duplicates of the earth goddess with a double function as chthonic and vegetation goddesses.
