The term is usually used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit and later formally proposed in 2004, although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel. Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro and Kosovo, has since been used retrospectively to characterise relationships with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003, and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia and with Russia. Ultimately the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterise Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.
By country
Albania
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.
Algeria
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the EuropeanNeighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.
Armenia
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.
Azerbaijan
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.
Belarus
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Croatia
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.
Egypt
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.
Macedonia
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Macedonia.
Georgia
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.
Israel
The term was used by Spanish foreign ministerMiguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel. It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.
Jordan
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.
Kosovo
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.
Lebanon
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.
Libya
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.
Moldova
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.
Morocco
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.
Palestine
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.
