Protest

Historical notions

• Northern Europe in the early 16th century
• North America in the 1770s
• Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the Continental Army
• France in 1789
• Haiti in 1803, the first successful black revolution against slavery
• The Haymarket riot in 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement
• New York shirtwaist strike of 1909
• Mohandas Gandhi's 1930 Salt March to protest British rule in India
• Martin Luther King's 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement
• SOS, an Australian anti-conscription organization
• Selma to Montgomery marches of 1965, part of the Civil Rights Movement
• Protests against the Vietnam War
• Mexico 68
• The Stonewall riots in 1969, protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City
• The People Power Revolution in the Philippines
• The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
• The many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s
• The Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization
• Anti-globalization protests in Prague in 2000
• Anti-globalization protests in Genoa from 18 to 22 July 2001
• 15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest
• The First Intifada and Second Intifada in Palestine
• Anti-nuclear protests
• 2007 Bersih rally
• 2010 Thai political protests
• 2011 Iranian protests
• Arab Spring protests
• Impact of the Arab Spring
• 2011 Occupy Wall Street protests
• Gezi Park protests in 2013 in Turkey
• June 2013 Egyptian protests
• Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, November 2013–February 2014
• Black Lives Matter-led protests on July 13, 2013
• 2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement
• 2016 South Korean protests
• 2017 Jallikattu protests
• Dakota Access Pipeline protests
• 2018 Tommy Robinson protests
• 2018 Sadiq Khan protests
• March for Our Lives protests
• 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution
• 2019 Indonesian protests
• 2019–20 Hong Kong protests
• Citizenship Amendment Act protests
• George Floyd protests from May 26, 2020–present

  Forms of protest

• Rally or demonstration: Demonstration, rally, or similar protest, without reference to marching or walking in a picket line or standing in a vigil. Reference to speeches, speakers, singing, or preaching, often verified by the presence of PA sound equipment and sometimes by a platform or stage. Ordinarily will include worship services, speeches, briefings.
• March: Reference to moving from one location to another; to distinguish from rotating or walking in a circle with picket signs.
• Vigil: Most vigils have banners, placards, or leaflets so that people passing by, despite silence from participants, can be informed about the purpose of the vigil.
• Picket: The modal activity is picketing; there may be references to a picket line, informational picketing, or holding signs; "carrying signs and walking around in a circle". Holding signs, placards, or banners is not the defining criteria; rather, it is holding or carrying those items and walking a circular route, a phrase sometimes surprisingly found in the permit application.
• Civil disobedience: Explicit protest that involves deliberately breaking laws deemed unjust in order to protest them; crossing barricades, prohibited use of segregated facilities, voter registration drives, or tying up phone lines.
• Ceremony: These celebrate or protest status transitions ranging from birth and death dates of individuals, organizations or nations; seasons; re-enlistment or commissioning of military personnel; or to anniversaries of any of the above. These are sometimes referenced by presenting flowers or wreaths commemorating, dedicating, or celebrating status transitions or their anniversary; e.g., an annual merchant marine memorial service, celebrating Chanukah or Easter, or celebrating the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr.).
• Dramaturgical demonstration
• Motorcade: Vehicular procession
• Information distribution: Tabling/petition gathering, lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, or teach-ins.
• Symbolic display: e.g., a menorah or creche scene, graffiti, cross burning, sign, or standing display.
• Attack by collective group : Motivation for attack is the "other group's identity", as in gay-bashing or lynching. Can also include verbal attacks or threats.
• Riot, melee, mob violence: Large-scale, use of violence by instigators against persons, property, police, or buildings separately or in combination, lasting several hours.
• Strike, slow down and sick-ins employee work protest of any kind: Regular air strike through failure of negotiations or wildcat air strike.
• Boycott: Organized refusal to buy or use a product or service. Examples: rent strikes, Montgomery bus boycotts
• Press conference: Only if specifically named as such in report, and must be the predominant activity form. Could involve disclosure of information to "educate the public" or influence various decision-makers.
• Organization formation announcement or meeting announcement: Meeting or press conference to announce the formation of a new organization.
• Conflict, attack or clash : This includes any boundary conflict in which no instigator can be identified, i.e. Black/white conflicts, abortion/anti-abortion conflicts.
• Prayer Walk: A prayer walk is an activity that consists of walking and praying at the same time.
• Lawsuit: Legal maneuver by social movement organization or group.
• Peopleless Protest: Simultaneous online and offline protests involving physical representations of protesters in public spaces that are subsequently assembled online. Developed in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Typology

• Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory - Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions. May also include tactile exchanges of information and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society often are underestimated.
• Solemnity and the sacred – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, candlelight vigils, cross carrying, etc. All directly related to the Durkheimian "sacred", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events.
• Institutional and conventional – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions. Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the other or reference category. More acceptable because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system.
• Movement in space – Marches or parades from one spatio-temporal location to another, with beginning or ending places sometimes chosen for symbolic reasons. Picket lines often used in labor strikes but can be used by non-labor actors but the key differences between picket and processionals are the distance of movement. Events that take the form of a procession are logistically much more difficult to police. Marches are some of the largest events in this period.
• Civil disobedience – Withholding obligations, sit-ins, blockades, occupations, bannering, "camping", etc., are all specific activities which constitute the tactical form of civil disobedience. In some way, these activities directly or technically break the law. Usually given most attention by researchers, media, and authorities. Often conflated with violence and threats because of direct action and confrontational nature, but should serve as a distinct category of action.
• Collective violence and threats – Collective violence such as pushing, shoving, hitting, punching, damaging property, throwing objects, verbal threats, etc., is usually committed by a relative few out of many protesters. It is rare in occurrence and rarely condoned by the public or onlookers. Usually met with equivalent or overwhelming force in response by authorities. At times in U.S. history, lauded as the only way to get results, but there is little empirical evidence violence succeeds in goal attainment.

• Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people.
• Picketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in, but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.
• Street protesters demonstrate in areas with high visibility, often employing handmade such as sandwich boards or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.
• Lockdowns and lock-ons are a way to stop movement of an object like a structure or tree, and to thwart the removal of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the sleeping dragon for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials.
• Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead. In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or bandages, usually made to appear bloody, are used.
• Protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general, globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration.
• Radical cheerleading. The idea is to ironically re-appropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.
• Critical Mass bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement; the U.K. e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London". However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, not as protests or organized demonstrations. This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.
• Toyi-toyi is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa. See Protest in South Africa.

  Written demonstration

• Petitions
• Letters : Used by some letter writing campaigns, especially those with a form letter that supporters are given to sign

  Civil disobedience demonstrations

• Public nudity or topfree or animal mistreatment. See also Nudity and protest.
• Sit-in
• Photobombing – disrupting an event being broadcast live
• Raasta roko – people blocking auto traffic with their bodies
• Silent protest

  As a residence

• Peace camp
• Formation of a tent city
• Camp for Climate Action

  Destructive

• Vandalism – Smashing windows or spraying graffiti is sometimes used as a form of protest, and is sometimes employed by black bloc groups.
• Riot – Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.
• Looting – stealing goods from establishments or businesses
• Self-immolation
• Suicide
• Hunger strike
• Bombing

  Non-destructive

• Silent protest – protests or parades in which participants are nonviolent and usually silent in an attempt to avoid violent confrontation with military or police forces. This tactic was effectively used during the Arab Spring in cities such as Tehran and Cairo.

  Direct action

• Civil resistance
• Nonviolent resistance
• Occupation

  Against a government

• Tax resistance
• Conscientious objector
• Flag desecration

  Against a military shipment

• Port Militarization Resistance – protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments

  Against a planning application or development

• NIMBY – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable

  By government employees

• Bully pulpit
• Judicial activism

  Job action

• Strike action
• Walkout
• Work-to-rule

  In sports

By management

• Lockout

  By tenants

• Rent strike

  By consumers

• Boycott
• Consumer Court

  Information

• Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor
• Teach-in
• Zine
• Soap-boxing

  Civil disobedience to censorship

• Samizdat
• Protest graffiti

  By Internet and social networking

Literature, art and culture

• Culture jamming

  Against religious or ideological institutions

• Recusancy
• Book burning

  Economic effects against companies