Provinces of Thailand
The Provinces of Thailand are part of the government of Thailand that is divided into 76 provinces proper and one special administrative area, representing the capital Bangkok. They are the primary local government units and are divided into amphoes and also act as juristic persons. Each province is led by a governor, who is appointed by the central government.
The provinces and Administrative Areas
| Seal | Name | Name | Population | Area | Population density | Namesake town/city | HS | FIPS | |
| | กรุงเทพมหานคร | 5,787,932 | 1,565 | 3,620.6 | Bangkok | BKK | TH-10 | TH40 | |
| อำนาจเจริญ | 378,438 | 3,161 | 119.7 | Amnat Charoen | ACR | TH-37 | TH77 | ||
| อ่างทอง | 279,654 | 968 | 288.9 | Ang Thong | ATG | TH-15 | TH35 | ||
| บึงกาฬ | 424,091 | 4,306 | 98.5 | Bueng Kan | BKN | TH-38 | TH81 | ||
| บุรีรัมย์ | 1,595,747 | 10,322 | 154.6 | Buriram | BRM | TH-31 | TH28 | ||
| ฉะเชิงเทรา | 720,113 | 5,351 | 134.6 | Chachoengsao | CCO | TH-24 | TH44 | ||
| ชัยนาท | 326,611 | 2,470 | 132.2 | Chai Nat | CNT | TH-18 | TH32 | ||
| ชัยภูมิ | 1,137,357 | 12,778 | 89.0 | Chaiyaphum | CPM | TH-36 | TH26 | ||
| จันทบุรี | 537,698 | 6,338 | 84.8 | Chanthaburi | CTI | TH-22 | TH48 | ||
| เชียงใหม่ | 1,779,254 | 20,107 | 88.5 | Chiang Mai | CMI | TH-50 | TH02 | ||
| เชียงราย | 1,298,304 | 11,678 | 111.2 | Chiang Rai | CRI | TH-57 | TH03 | ||
| ชลบุรี | 1,558,301 | 4,363 | 357.2 | Chonburi | CBI | TH-20 | TH46 | ||
| ชุมพร | 511,304 | 6,009 | 85.1 | Chumphon | CPN | TH-86 | TH58 | ||
| กาฬสินธุ์ | 983,418 | 6,947 | 141.6 | Kalasin | KSN | TH-46 | TH23 | ||
| กำแพงเพชร | 727,807 | 8,607 | 84.6 | Kamphaeng Phet | KPT | TH-62 | TH11 | ||
| กาญจนบุรี | 895,525 | 19,483 | 46.0 | Kanchanaburi | KRI | TH-71 | TH50 | ||
| ขอนแก่น | 1,802,872 | 10,886 | 165.6 | Khon Kaen | KKN | TH-40 | TH22 | ||
| กระบี่ | 476,739 | 4,709 | 101.2 | Krabi | KBI | TH-81 | TH63 | ||
| ลำปาง | 738,316 | 12,534 | 58.9 | Lampang | LPG | TH-52 | TH06 | ||
| ลำพูน | 405,075 | 4,506 | 89.9 | Lamphun | LPN | TH-51 | TH05 | ||
| เลย | 642,950 | 11,425 | 56.3 | Loei | LEI | TH-42 | TH18 | ||
| ลพบุรี | 755,556 | 6,200 | 121.9 | Lopburi | LRI | TH-16 | TH34 | ||
| แม่ฮ่องสอน | 284,138 | 12,681 | 22.4 | Mae Hong Son | MSN | TH-58 | TH01 | ||
| มหาสารคาม | 962,665 | 5,292 | 181.9 | Maha Sarakham | MKM | TH-44 | TH24 | ||
| มุกดาหาร | 353,174 | 4,340 | 81.4 | Mukdahan | MDH | TH-49 | TH78 | ||
| นครนายก | 260,751 | 2,122 | 122.9 | Nakhon Nayok | NYK | TH-26 | TH43 | ||
| นครปฐม | 920,030 | 2,168 | 424.4 | Nakhon Pathom | NPT | TH-73 | TH53 | ||
| นครพนม | 719,136 | 5,513 | 130.4 | Nakhon Phanom | NPM | TH-48 | TH73 | ||
| ราชสีมามหานคร | 6,752,546 | 20,494 | 5,329.3 | Nakhon Ratchasima | NMA | TH-30 | TH27 | ||
| นครสวรรค์ | 1,059,887 | 9,598 | 110.4 | Nakhon Sawan | NSN | TH-60 | TH16 | ||
| นครศรีธรรมราช | 1,561,927 | 9,943 | 157.1 | Nakhon Si Thammarat | NRT | TH-80 | TH64 | ||
| น่าน | 478,227 | 11,472 | 41.7 | Nan | NAN | TH-55 | TH04 | ||
| นราธิวาส | 808,020 | 4,475 | 180.6 | Narathiwat | NWT | TH-96 | TH31 | ||
| หนองบัวลำภู | 512,780 | 3,859 | 132.9 | Nong Bua Lam Phu | NBP | TH-39 | TH79 | ||
| หนองคาย | 522,311 | 3,027 | 172.6 | Nong Khai | NKI | TH-43 | TH17 | ||
| นนทบุรี | 1,265,387 | 622 | 2,034.4 | Nonthaburi | NBI | TH-12 | TH38 | ||
| ปทุมธานี | 1,163,604 | 1,526 | 762.5 | Pathum Thani | PTE | TH-13 | TH39 | ||
| ปัตตานี | 725,104 | 1,940 | 373.8 | Pattani | PTN | TH-94 | TH69 | ||
| พังงา | 268,788 | 4,171 | 64.4 | Phang Nga | PNA | TH-82 | TH61 | ||
| พัทลุง | 524,865 | 3,424 | 153.3 | Phatthalung | PLG | TH-93 | TH66 | ||
| พะเยา | 472,356 | 6,335 | 74.6 | Phayao | PYO | TH-56 | TH41 | ||
| เพชรบูรณ์ | 992,451 | 12,668 | 78.3 | Phetchabun | PNB | TH-67 | TH14 | ||
| เพชรบุรี | 485,191 | 6,225 | 77.9 | Phetchaburi | PBI | TH-76 | TH56 | ||
| พิจิตร | 536,311 | 4,531 | 118.4 | Phichit | PCT | TH-66 | TH13 | ||
| พิษณุโลก | 865,247 | 10,816 | 80.0 | Phitsanulok | PLK | TH-65 | TH12 | ||
| พระนครศรีอยุธยา | 820,188 | 2,557 | 320.8 | Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya | AYA | TH-14 | TH36 | ||
| แพร่ | 441,726 | 6,539 | 67.6 | Phrae | PRE | TH-54 | TH07 | ||
| ภูเก็ต | 416,582 | 543 | 767.2 | Phuket | PKT | TH-83 | TH62 | ||
| ปราจีนบุรี | 494,680 | 4,762 | 103.9 | Prachinburi | PRI | TH-25 | TH74 | ||
| ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ | 554,116 | 6,368 | 87.0 | Prachuap Khiri Khan | PKN | TH-77 | TH57 | ||
| ระนอง | 193,370 | 3,298 | 58.6 | Ranong | RNG | TH-85 | TH59 | ||
| ราชบุรี | 873,101 | 5,196 | 168.0 | Ratchaburi | RBR | TH-70 | TH52 | ||
| ระยอง | 734,753 | 3,552 | 206.9 | Rayong | RYG | TH-21 | TH47 | ||
| ร้อยเอ็ด | 1,305,211 | 8,299 | 157.3 | Roi Et | RET | TH-45 | TH25 | ||
| สระแก้ว | 566,303 | 7,195 | 78.7 | Sa Kaeo | SKW | TH-27 | TH80 | ||
| สกลนคร | 1,153,390 | 9,606 | 120.1 | Sakon Nakhon | SNK | TH-47 | TH20 | ||
| สมุทรปราการ | 1,344,875 | 1,004 | 1,339.5 | Samut Prakan | SPK | TH-11 | TH42 | ||
| สมุทรสาคร | 584,703 | 872 | 670.5 | Samut Sakhon | SKN | TH-74 | TH55 | ||
| สมุทรสงคราม | 193,305 | 417 | 463.6 | Samut Songkhram | SKM | TH-75 | TH54 | ||
| สระบุรี | 645,911 | 3,576 | 180.6 | Saraburi | SRI | TH-19 | TH37 | ||
| สตูล | 323,586 | 2,479 | 130.5 | Satun | STN | TH-91 | TH67 | ||
| สิงห์บุรี | 208,446 | 822 | 253.6 | Sing Buri | SBR | TH-17 | TH33 | ||
| ศรีสะเกษ | 1,472,859 | 8,840 | 166.6 | Sisaket | SSK | TH-33 | TH30 | ||
| สงขลา | 1,435,968 | 7,394 | 194.2 | Songkhla | SKA | TH-90 | TH68 | ||
| สุโขทัย | 595,072 | 6,596 | 90.2 | Sukhothai | STI | TH-64 | TH09 | ||
| สุพรรณบุรี | 846,334 | 5,358 | 158.0 | Suphan Buri | SPB | TH-72 | TH51 | ||
| สุราษฎร์ธานี | 1,068,010 | 12,891 | 82.8 | Surat Thani | SNI | TH-84 | TH60 | ||
| สุรินทร์ | 1,396,831 | 8,124 | 171.9 | Surin | SRN | TH-32 | TH29 | ||
| ตาก | 665,620 | 16,407 | 40.6 | Tak | TAK | TH-63 | TH08 | ||
| ตรัง | 643,164 | 4,918 | 130.8 | Trang | TRG | TH-92 | TH65 | ||
| ตราด | 229,958 | 2,819 | 81.6 | Trat | TRT | TH-23 | TH49 | ||
| อุบลราชธานี | 1,878,146 | 15,745 | 119.3 | Ubon Ratchathani | UBN | TH-34 | TH75 | ||
| อุดรธานี | 1,586,646 | 11,730 | 135.3 | Udon Thani | UDN | TH-41 | TH76 | ||
| อุทัยธานี | 328,618 | 6,730 | 48.8 | Uthai Thani | UTI | TH-61 | TH15 | ||
| อุตรดิตถ์ | 453,103 | 7,839 | 57.8 | Uttaradit | UTD | TH-53 | TH10 | ||
| ยะลา | 536,330 | 4,521 | 118.6 | Yala | YLA | TH-95 | TH70 | ||
| ยโสธร | 537,299 | 4,162 | 129.1 | Yasothon | YST | TH-35 | TH72 |
- The total population of Thailand is 66,558,935 on 31 December 2019.
- The total land area of Thailand is 513,114 km2.
- HS - Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.
- FIPS-code is on 31 December 2014 replaced with ISO 3166.
Governance
A province, as part of the provincial government, is administered by a governor who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. Bangkok, as part of the local government, is administered by a corporation called Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The corporation is led by the Governor of Bangkok who is directly elected by the citizens of Bangkok.
The provinces are named by their original main city, which is not necessarily still the most populous city within the province today. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.
History
Before 1892
Many provinces date back to semi-independent local chiefdoms or kingdoms, which made up the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The provinces were created around a capital city, and included surrounding villages or satellite towns. The provinces were administered either by a governor, who was appointed by the king or by a local ruling family, who were descendants of the old kings and princes of that area and had been given this privilege by the central king. De facto the king did not have much choice but to choose someone from the local nobility or an economically strong man, as against these local power groups the administration would have become impossible. The governor was not paid by the king, but instead financed himself and his administration by imposing local taxes himself. Every province was required to send an annual tribute to Bangkok.The provinces were divided into four different classes. The first-class were the border provinces. The second-class were those that once had their own princely house. Third-class were provinces that were created by splitting them from other provinces. Fourth-class were provinces near the capital. Additionally tributary states like the principalities of Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms of Vientiane and Luang Prabang, Cambodia, or the Malay sultanate Kedah were also part of the country, but with more autonomy than the provinces. In this Mandala system the semi-independent countries sometimes were tributary to more than one country.
New provinces were created when the population of an area outgrew the administration, but also for political reasons. If a governor became too dominant in a region former satellite cities were elevated to provincial status, as was the case with Maha Sarakham Province.
Reforms of the provincial administration started in the 1870s under increased pressure from the colonial states of the United Kingdom and France. Agents were sent, especially to border areas, to impose more control on the provinces or tributary states.
Administrative reform of 1892
At the end of the 19th century King Chulalongkorn reformed the central government. In 1892 the ministry, which previously had many overlapping responsibilities, was reorganized with clear missions as in Western administrations. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab became minister of the Ministry of the North, originally responsible for the northern administration. When the Ministry of the South was dissolved in 1894, Prince Damrong became Minister of the Interior, responsible for the provincial administration of the whole country.Starting in 1893 the already existing commissionaireships in some parts of the country were renamed "superintendent commissioner", and their area of responsibility was called a monthon. In strategically important areas the monthon were created first, while in other areas the provinces kept their independence a bit longer. Several smaller provinces were reduced in status to a amphoe or even lower to a tambon and included in a neighboring province, sometimes for administrative reasons, but sometimes to remove an uncooperative governor.
In some regions rebellions broke out against the new administrative system, usually induced by the local nobility fearing their loss of power. The most notable was the Holy Man Rebellion in 1902 in Isan. It was initially a messianic doomsday sect, but it also attacked government representatives in the northeast. The provincial town Khemarat was even burned by the rebels. After a few months the rebellion was beaten back.
After 1916, the word changwat became common to use for the provinces, partly to distinguish them from the provincial capital city, but also to stress the new administrative structure of the provinces.
When Prince Damrong resigned in 1915, the whole country was divided into 19 monthon, with 72 provinces.
In December 1915 King Vajiravudh announced the creation of regions, each administered by a viceroy, to cover several monthon. Until 1922 four regions were established, however in 1925 they were dissolved again. At the same time several monthon were merged, in an attempt to streamline administration and reduce costs.
Since 1932
The monthons were dissolved when Thailand transformed from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy in 1932, making the provinces the top level administrative division again. Several smaller provinces were also abolished at that time. During World War II, several provinces around Bangkok were merged. These changes were undone after the war. Also the occupied area from French Indochina was organized into four provinces: Phra Tabong, Phibunsongkhram, Nakhon Champasak and Lan Chang. The current province of Sukhothai was at first known as Sawankhalok. It was renamed Sukhothai in 1939. The province, Kalasin, was reestablished in 1947 after having been dissolved in 1932.In 1972 Phra Nakhon and Thonburi Provinces were merged to form the special administrative area of Bangkok, which combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor.
Starting in the second half of the 20th century some provinces were newly created by splitting them off from bigger provinces. In 1975, Yasothon Province was split off from Ubon Ratchathani. In 1977, Phayao province was created from districts formerly part of Chiang Rai. In 1982, Mukdahan was split off from Nakhon Phanom. In 1993 three provinces were created: Sa Kaeo, Nong Bua Lamphu Province, and Amnat Charoen. The newest province is Bueng Kan, which was split off from Nong Khai effective 23 March 2011.