Pulmonata
Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", is an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger et al., dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present.
Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda was as follows:Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
- Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
- **Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- **Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- **Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
- **Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
- **Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- **Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- **Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
- **Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- **Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
- **Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- *Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
- **Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- *Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- **Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- *Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
- **Subinfraorder Orthurethra
- **Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- **Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
- **Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
- **Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
- **Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
- **Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- **Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
- **Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- **Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
- **Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- **Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- **Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
- **Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- **Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
- **Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- **Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- **Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- **Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- **Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
- **Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- **Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- **Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
- **Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
- **Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- **Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
- **Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
- **Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
- **Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
- **Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
- **? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
- **? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade EupulmonataInformal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila- Superfamily Amphiboloidea
- *Family Amphibolidae
- Superfamily Siphonarioidea
- *Family Siphonariidae
- * † Family Acroreiidae
Clade Hygrophila">Hygrophila (Gastropoda)">Hygrophila
- Superfamily Chilinoidea
- *Family Chilinidae
- *Family Latiidae
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea
- *Family Acroloxidae
- Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
- *Family Lymnaeidae
- Superfamily Planorboidea
- *Family Planorbidae
- *Family Physidae
Clade Eupulmonata
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea
- *Family Trimusculidae
- Superfamily Otinoidea
- *Family Otinidae
- *Family Smeagolidae
- Superfamily Ellobioidea
- *Family Ellobiidae
Clade [Systellommatophora] ( = [Gymnomorpha])
- Superfamily Onchidioidea
- *Family Onchidiidae
- Superfamily Veronicelloidea
- *Family Veronicellidae
- *Family Rathouisiidae
Clade [Stylommatophora]
Subclade [Elasmognatha]
- Superfamily Succineoidea
- *Family Succineidae
- Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
- *Family Athoracophoridae
Subclade [Orthurethra]
- Superfamily Partuloidea
- *Family Partulidae
- *Family Draparnaudiidae
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea
- *Family Achatinellidae
- Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
- *Family Cochlicopidae
- *Family Amastridae
- Superfamily Pupilloidea
- *Family Pupillidae
- *Family Argnidae
- *Family Chondrinidae
- * † Family Cylindrellinidae
- *Family Lauriidae
- *Family Orculidae
- *Family Pleurodiscidae
- *Family Pyramidulidae
- *Family Spelaeodiscidae
- *Family Strobilopsidae
- *Family Valloniidae
- *Family Vertiginidae
- Superfamily Enoidea
- *Family Enidae
- *Family Cerastidae
Informal Group [Sigmurethra]
- Superfamily Clausilioidea
- *Family Clausiliidae
- * † Family Anadromidae
- * † Family Filholiidae
- * † Family Palaeostoidae
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea
- *Family Orthalicidae
- *Family Cerionidae
- *Family Coelociontidae
- * † Family Grangerellidae
- *Family Megaspiridae
- *Family Placostylidae
- *Family Urocoptidae
- Superfamily Achatinoidea
- *Family Achatinidae
- *Family Ferussaciidae
- *Family Micractaeonidae
- *Family Subulinidae
- Superfamily Aillyoidea
- *Family Aillyidae
- Superfamily Testacelloidea
- *Family Testacellidae
- *Family Oleacinidae
- *Family Spiraxidae
- Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
- *Family Papillodermatidae
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea
- *Family Streptaxidae
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea
- *Family Rhytididae
- *Family Chlamydephoridae
- *Family Haplotrematidae
- *Family Scolodontidae
- Superfamily Acavoidea
- *Family Acavidae
- *Family Caryodidae
- *Family Dorcasiidae
- *Family Macrocyclidae
- *Family Megomphicidae
- *Family Strophocheilidae
- Superfamily Punctoidea
- *Family Punctidae
- * † Family Anastomopsidae
- *Family Charopidae
- *Family Cystopeltidae
- *Family Discidae
- *Family Endodontidae
- *Family Helicodiscidae
- *Family Oreohelicidae
- *Family Thyrophorellidae
- Superfamily Sagdoidea
- *Family Sagdidae
[limacoid clade]
- Superfamily Staffordioidea
- *Family Staffordiidae
- Superfamily Dyakioidea
- *Family Dyakiidae
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
- *Family Gastrodontidae
- *Family Chronidae
- *Family Euconulidae
- *Family Oxychilidae
- *Family Pristilomatidae
- *Family Trochomorphidae
- *Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
- **Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
- **Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
- **Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
- Superfamily Parmacelloidea
- *Family Parmacellidae
- *Family Milacidae
- *Family Trigonochlamydidae
- Superfamily Zonitoidea
- *Family Zonitidae
- Superfamily Helicarionoidea
- *Family Helicarionidae
- *Family Ariophantidae
- *Family Urocyclidae
- Superfamily Limacoidea
- *Family Limacidae
- *Family Agriolimacidae
- *Family Boettgerillidae
- *Family Vitrinidae
other Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Arionoidea
- *Family Arionidae
- *Family Anadenidae
- *Family Ariolimacidae
- *Family Binneyidae
- *Family Oopeltidae
- *Family Philomycidae
- Superfamily Helicoidea
- *Family Helicidae
- *Family Bradybaenidae
- *Family Camaenidae
- *Family Cepolidae
- *Family Cochlicellidae
- *Family Elonidae
- *Family Epiphragmophoridae
- *Family Halolimnohelicidae
- *Family Helicodontidae
- *Family Helminthoglyptidae
- *Family Humboldtianidae
- *Family Hygromiidae
- *Family Monadeniidae
- *Family Pleurodontidae
- *Family Polygyridae
- *Family Sphincterochilidae
- *Family Thysanophoridae
- *Family Trissexodontidae
- *Family Xanthonychidae
2010 taxonomy