In graph theory, a quotient graphQ of a graph G is a graph whose vertices are blocks of a partition of the vertices of G and where block B is adjacent to block C if some vertex in B is adjacent to some vertex in Cwith respect to the edge set of G. In other words, if G has edge set E and vertex set V and R is the equivalence relationinduced by the partition, then the quotient graph has vertex set V/R and edge set. More formally, a quotient graph is a quotient object in the category of graphs. The category of graphs is concretizable – mapping a graph to its set of vertices makes it a concrete category – so its objects can be regarded as "sets with additional structure", and a quotient graph corresponds to the graph induced on the quotient setV/R of its vertex set V. Further, there is a graph homomorphism from a graph to a quotient graph, sending each vertex or edge to the equivalence class that it belongs to. Intuitively, this corresponds to "gluing together" vertices and edges of the graph.
Examples
A graph is trivially a quotient graph of itself, and the graph consisting of a single point is the quotient graph of any non-empty graph. The simplest non-trivial quotient graph is one obtained by identifying two vertices ; if the vertices are connected, this is called edge contraction.
Special types of quotient
The condensation of a directed graph is the quotient graph where the strongly connected components form the blocks of the partition. This construction can be used to derive a directed acyclic graph from any directed graph. The result of one or more edge contractions in an undirected graphG is a quotient of G, in which the blocks are the connected components of the subgraph of G formed by the contracted edges. However, for quotients more generally, the blocks of the partition giving rise to the quotient do not need to form connected subgraphs. If G is a covering graph of another graph H, then H is a quotient graph of G. The blocks of the corresponding partition are the inverse images of the vertices of H under the covering map. However, covering maps have an additional requirement that is not true more generally of quotients, that the map be a local isomorphism.
