Radiative transfer is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical methods are required. The present article is largely focused on the condition of radiative equilibrium.
Definitions
The fundamental quantity that describes a field of radiation is called spectral radiance in radiometric terms. For a very small area element in the radiation field, there can be electromagnetic radiation passing in both senses in every spatial direction through it. In radiometric terms, the passage can be completely characterized by the amount of energy radiated in each of the two senses in each spatial direction, per unit time, per unit area of surface of sourcing passage, per unit solid angle of reception at a distance, per unit wavelength interval being considered. In terms of the spectral radiance,, the energy flowing across an area element of area located at in time in the solid angle about the direction in the frequency interval to is where is the angle that the unitdirection vector makes with a normal to the area element. The units of the spectral radiance are seen to be energy/time/area/solid angle/frequency. In MKS units this would be W·m−2·sr−1·Hz−1.
The equation of radiative transfer
The equation of radiative transfer simply says that as a beam of radiation travels, it loses energy to absorption, gains energy by emission process, and redistributes energy by scattering. The differential form of the equation for radiative transfer is: where is the speed of light, is the emission coefficient, is the scattering opacity, is the absorption opacity, and the term represents radiation scattered from other directions onto a surface.
Solutions to the equation of radiative transfer
Solutions to the equation of radiative transfer form an enormous body of work. The differences however, are essentially due to the various forms for the emission and absorption coefficients. If scattering is ignored, then a general steady state solution in terms of the emission and absorption coefficients may be written: where is the optical depth of the medium between positions and :
A particularly useful simplification of the equation of radiative transfer occurs under the conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium. It is important to note that local equilibrium may apply only to a certain subset of particles in the system. For example, LTE is usually applied only to massive particles. In a radiating gas, the photons being emitted and absorbed by the gas doesn't need to be in a thermodynamic equilibrium with each other or with the massive particles of the gas in order for LTE to exist. In this situation, the absorbing/emitting medium consists of massive particles which are locally in equilibrium with each other, and therefore have a definable temperature. The radiation field is not, however in equilibrium and is being entirely driven by the presence of the massive particles. For a medium in LTE, the emission coefficient and absorption coefficient are functions of temperature and density only, and are related by: where is the black body spectral radiance at temperature T. The solution to the equation of radiative transfer is then: Knowing the temperature profile and the density profile of the medium is sufficient to calculate a solution to the equation of radiative transfer.
The Eddington approximation
The Eddington approximation is a special case of the two stream approximation. It can be used to obtain the spectral radiance in a "plane-parallel" medium with isotropic frequency-independent scattering. It assumes that the intensity is a linear function of. i.e. where is the normal direction to the slab-like medium. Note that expressing angular integrals in terms of simplifies things because appears in the Jacobian of integrals in spherical coordinates. Extracting the first few moments of the spectral radiance with respect to yields Thus the Eddington approximation is equivalent to setting. Higher order versions of the Eddington approximation also exist, and consist of more complicated linear relations of the intensity moments. This extra equation can be used as a closure relation for the truncated system of moments. Note that the first two moments have simple physical meanings. is the isotropic intensity at a point, and is the flux through that point in the direction. The radiative transfer through an isotropically scattering medium at local thermodynamic equilibrium is given by Integrating over all angles yields Premultiplying by, and then integrating over all angles gives Substituting in the closure relation, and differentiating with respect to allows the two above equations to be combined to form the radiative diffusion equation This equation shows how the effective optical depth in scattering-dominated systems may be significantly different from that given by the scattering opacity if the absorptive opacity is small.
