Rain dust


Rain dust or snow dust, traditionally known as muddy rain, red rain, or coloured rain, is a variety of rain which contains enough desert dust for the dust to be visible without using a microscope.

History

The rain dust phenomenon was studied by Italian scientist Giuseppe Maria Giovene, who managed to correctly explain the phenomenon as early as 1803. On 7 March 1803, rain dust fell over Southern Italy's region Apulia. At that time, people believed that the rain was caused by the explosions of Italy's volcanoes Mount Vesuvius or Etna, or that it was due to the transport of matter coming from the sea floor and raised by vapor. Giuseppe Maria Giovene related the phenomenon to the wind which occurred prior to the rain event, and he came to the conclusion that the sand had come from Africa and that it had been pushed by the wind coming from south-east.

Geography

Rain dust is common in the Western and Southern Mediterranean, where the dust supply comes from the atmospheric depressions going through the northern part of North Africa. The main sources of desert dust reach the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands in the form of dust transported by wind or rain from the Sahara, Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Central Algeria.
Mud rains are relatively frequent and had been increasing in early 1990s in the Mediterranean Basin.
It also occurs in arid desert regions of North America such as west Texas or Arizona. It occasionally happens in the grasslands as it did in Bexar County, Texas on March 18, 2008.
It may also occur in some regions of Southern Italy, but it is a very rare phenomenon.

Dust composition

The rain dust is very alkaline. Some of the large particles contain mixtures of chemicals such as sulfate and sea salt. Major minerals in order of decreasing abundance are: illite, quartz, smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, calcite, dolomite and feldspars. In Majorca a study finds that the size, by volume, 89% of the particles from rain dust fraction corresponded to silt and that there was virtually no clay sized particles.
Researchers from Hacettepe University have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat. It has been shown that Saharan soil may have the potential of producing bioavailable iron when illuminated with visible light and also it has some essential macro and micro nutrient elements. Saharan soil sample was analyzed by XRD technique the dominant mineral was quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and clay followed respectively.

Importance

Rain dust is the most common cause of blood rain.
Red rain is however not always rain dust, see for example the Red rain in Kerala.