On 21 April 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved ramucirumab as a single-agent treatment for advanced gastric cancer or gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma after prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine- or platinum-containing chemotherapy. The approval was based on the results of the REGARD trial, a phase III, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, that evaluated the safety and efficacy of ramucirumab combinated with best supportive care versus placebo. Ramucirumab has also been studied in combination with paclitaxel and received additional FDA approval on 5 November 2014 as a treatment for people with advanced gastric cancer or GEJ adenocarcinoma after prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine- or platinum-based chemotherapy. The approval was based on the results of the RAINBOW trial, that compared ramucirumab plus paclitaxel or paclitaxel alone. On 12 December 2014, the FDA approved ramucirumab in combination with docetaxel for treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma with disease progression during or after first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy. The approval was based on REVEL trial. On 24 April 2015, ramucirumab was approved by FDA for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with disease progression on or after prior therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and fluoropyrimidine. The approval was based on the results of the RAISE trial, a phase III study, which compared ramucirumab plus irinotecan, folinic acid, and 5-fluorouracil to FOLFIRI alone. On 10 May 2019, ramucirumab was approved by FDA as a single agent treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who have an alpha fetoprotein of > 400 ng/mL and have been previously treated with sorafenib. The approval was based on REACH-2, a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study in patients with advanced HCC with AFP > 400 ng/mL who had disease progression on or after sorafenib or who were intolerant. The estimated median overall survival was 8.5 months for patients receiving ramucirumab and 7.3 months for those receiving placebo.
Contraindications
Under the European approval, NSCLC therapy with ramucirumab is contraindicated when there is tumour cavitation, or if major vessels are involved.
In studies, no interactions were observed with paclitaxel, docetaxel or irinotecan.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Ramucirumab is a direct VEGFR2 antagonist, that binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of VEGFR2 and block the binding of natural VEGFR ligands. These ligands are secreted by solid tumors to promote angiogenesis and enhance tumor blood supply. Binding of ramucirumab to VEGFR2 leads to inhibition of VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis.
Clinical trials
On September 26, 2013 the manufacturer Eli Lilly announced that its Phase III study for ramucirumab failed to hit its primary endpoint on progression-free survival among women with metastatic breast cancer. In June 2014, a phase III trial of the drug reported it failed to improve overall survival in liver cancer. In Feb 2016 it was reported that a phase II trial of adding ramucirumab to docetaxel improved progression-free survival compared with docetaxel alone in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. It is now in the RANGE phase III trial for this indication.
