The maximal total range is the maximum distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. The range can be seen as the cross-country ground speedmultiplied by the maximum time in the air. The fuel time limit for powered aircraft is fixed by the fuel load and rate of consumption. When all fuel is consumed, the engines stop and the aircraft will lose its propulsion. Ferry range means the maximum range the aircraft can fly. This usually means maximum fuel load, optionally with extra fuel tanks and minimum equipment. It refers to transport of aircraft without any passengers or cargo. Combat range is the maximum range the aircraft can fly when carrying ordnance. Combat radius is a related measure based on the maximum distance a warplane can travel from its base of operations, accomplish some objective, and return to its original airfield with minimal reserves.
Derivation
For most unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is variable, limited by available daylight hours, aircraft design, weather conditions, aircraft potential energy, and pilot endurance. Therefore, the range equation can only be calculated exactly for powered aircraft. It will be derived for both propeller and jet aircraft. If the total weight of the aircraft at a particular time is: =, where is the zero-fuel weight and the weight of the fuel, the fuel consumption rate per unit time flow is equal to The rate of change of aircraft weight with distance is where is the speed, so that It follows that the range is obtained from the definite integral below, with and the start and finish times respectively and and the initial and final aircraft weights
Specific range
The term, where is the speed, and is the fuel consumption rate, is called the specific range. The specific range can now be determined as though the airplane is in quasi steady-state flight. Here, a difference between jet and propeller driven aircraft has to be noticed.
Propeller aircraft
With propeller driven propulsion, the level flight speed at a number of airplane weights from the equilibrium condition has to be noted. To each flight velocity, there corresponds a particular value of propulsive efficiency and specific fuel consumption. The successive engine powers can be found: The corresponding fuel weight flow rates can be computed now: Thrust power, is the speed multiplied by the drag, is obtained from the lift-to-drag ratio: ; here W is a force in newtons The range integral, assuming flight at constant lift to drag ratio, becomes ; here W is the mass in kilograms, therefore standard gravityg is added. Its exact value depends on the distance to the centre of gravity of earth, but it averages 9.81 m/s2. To obtain an analytic expression for range, it has to be noted that specific range and fuel weight flow rate can be related to the characteristics of the airplane and propulsion system; if these are constant:
Jet propulsion
The range of jet aircraft can be derived likewise. Now, quasi-steady level flight is assumed. The relationship is used. The thrust can now be written as: ; here W is a force in newtons Jet engines are characterized by a thrust specific fuel consumption, so that rate of fuel flow is proportional to drag, rather than power. Using the lift equation, where is the air density, and S the wing area. the specific range is found equal to: Inserting this into and assuming only is varying, the range becomes: ; here is again mass. When cruising at a fixed height, a fixed angle of attack and a constant specific fuel consumption, the range becomes: where the compressibility on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane are neglected as the flight speed reduces during the flight.
Cruise/climb
For long range jet operating in the stratosphere, the speed of sound is constant, hence flying at fixed angle of attack and constant Mach number causes the aircraft to climb, without changing the value of the local speed of sound. In this case: where is the cruise Mach number and the speed of sound. W is the weight in kilograms. The range equation reduces to: where ; here is the specific heat constant of air 287.16 and . and are the specific heat capacities of air at a constant pressure and constant volume respectively. Or, also known as the Breguet range equation after the French aviation pioneer, Breguet.
