Reichenau Glosses
The Reichenau Glosses were compiled in the 8th century in Picardy to help monks reading the Vulgate Bible understand words that had either gone extinct or developed a new meaning in their dialect of Romance. Each of these was glossed by a synonym written in Latin form, though not always of Latin origin.
In the table below, obviously non-native words such as Italian formaggio are not counted among the derivatives. All of the Romance words, unless otherwise specified, are stressed on the same syllable as the Proto-Romance form. Sounds that may or may not be present in a word- depending on dialect, phonetic context, etc.- are shown in subscript.
| Archaic Term | Meaning | Gloss | Origin of Gloss | Derivatives of Gloss | Derivatives of Archaic Term |
| abdito | hidden | absconso | CL abscondito 'hidden' had the variant absconso. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc Ct. It. O.Sp O.Pt Rm. | — |
| abio | I go away | vado | This could mean 'I go' in CL, but the usual sense was 'wade'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Dl. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| abgetarii | woodworkers | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii. | Pr. nom O.Fr | — |
| abgetarii | woodworkers | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Sp. Po. | — |
| absintio | wormwood | aloxino | Greek ἀλόη όξίνης 'bitter aloe'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Sp Po. alosna | Pr. Oc. Dl. ascianz O.It Sp. |
| adolescentia | youth | iuventus | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. | — |
| adolescentia | youth | iuventus | CL synonym. | Pr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| aculeus | stinger | aculeonis | Romance derivative of the older term. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Sp. Po. | — |
| aes | bronze | eramen | LL derivative composed of aes and material suffix -men. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. arom It. Gal. arame Po. Rm. | — |
| aes | bronze | eramen | LL derivative composed of aes and material suffix -men. | Pr. Sp. Sd. or | — |
| ager | field | campus | CL synonym. | Pr. nom O.Fr | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Oc agre 'eyrie' It. Gal. agra Rm. 'field, land' |
| ager | field | campus | CL synonym. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. champ It. Sp. Sd. Dl. Po. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Oc agre 'eyrie' It. Gal. agra Rm. 'field, land' |
| annuant | that they nod | cinnant | Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', itself of unclear origin. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc It. Po. | — |
| anxiaretur | that he be distressed | angustiaretur | LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. | Pr. O.It Sp. Po. 'eagerly await' |
| aper | boar | salvaticus porcus | Porcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'. | Pr. nom O.Fr | Pr. Sd. porcabru |
| aper | boar | salvaticus porcus | Porcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. portg selvadi Dl. It. Rm. | Pr. Sd. porcabru |
| arbusta | orchards | arbricellus | Diminutive of arbor 'tree'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. 'shrubbery' It. 'sapling' | Gal. albustre |
| area | threshing floor | danea | Frankish *dannja. | Wal. dègne | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. arie |
| arena | sand | sabulo | CL for 'gravel'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. It. Dl. Sp. Ist.Rm | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Gal. area Po. Arm. |
| armilla | bracelet | baucus | Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, which had the same sense. | O.Fr | Pr. Sp. |
| atram | black | nigram | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| axis | axle | ascialis | Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis. | Pr. O.Fr | Pr. Fr. 'plank' Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. 'beam, axle' |
| axis | axle | ascialis | Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | Pr. Fr. 'plank' Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. 'beam, axle' |
| benignitate | kindness | bonitate | CL contextual synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| binas | in pairs | duas et duas | Periphrase, 'two and two'. | Fr. deux à deux It. due a due Sp. de dos en dos Po. de dois em dois | — |
| calamus | pen for writing | penna | CL for 'feather'. | Pr. O.Fr It. Sic. Po. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'stubble, thatch' |
| callidior | more devious | vitiosior | Comparative form of CL vitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. The core noun vitium 'sin' is common in Christian writings. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. 'depraved' It. 'charming' | — |
| calumpniam | slander | contentio | CL for 'quarrel, dispute'. | Pr. Oc. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc Sp. Po. |
| calx | heel | calcaneum | Rare CL synonym composed of calx and -aneum. | Pr. O.Fr dial Oc. dial O.Ct Rs. chalchagn It. Sd. carcàngiu O.Sp Arom. cãlcãnju Rm. călcâi | — |
| canere | to sing | cantare | CL frequentative form of canere. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. chantar It. Dl. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| cartallo | basket | panario | CL for 'breadbasket', composed of pane 'bread' and locational suffix -ario. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. dial panaio Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| caseum | cheese | formaticum | LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. | Pr. It. Dl. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. |
| caseum | cheese | formaticum | LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. | Pr. dim Rs. chaschöl |
| crastro | army camp | heribergo | Frankish *heriberga. | O.Fr herberge Oc. | Pr. Ar. qaṣr |
| cementarii | masons | mationes | Frankish *makjo. Note confusion of and, which both represent . | O.Fr Fr. Oc. | O.Fr *cimentiers Fr. |
| cementariis | masons | macionibus | Frankish *makjo. Note confusion of and, which both represent . | O.Fr Fr. Oc. | O.Fr *cimentiers Fr. |
| cenacula | chambers | mansiunculas | diminutive of CL mansiones 'lodges'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. 'houses' Sd. | — |
| cesis | beaten | flagellatis | CL for 'beaten with a whip'. | Pr. O.Fr flaelez | — |
| cibaria | food | cibus vivendi | Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'. | Pr. O.Fr 'food' Fr. 'meat' Oc. It. 'food' | — |
| cibaria | food | cibus vivendi | Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'. | Pr. Sp. Po. 'residence, housing' | — |
| clibanus | oven | furnus | CL synonym. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. fourn It. Sd. Sp. Po. Arom. furnu | — |
| clivium | hill | montania | CL mont- 'mountain' with locational suffix -anea. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| coccinus | scarlet red | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | Pr. nom O.Fr | — |
| coccinus | scarlet red | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| colliridam | type of pastry | turtam | CL tortam 'twisted' in reference to the pastry's shape. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Rs. turta Sd. It. Dl. Sp. Rm. | — |
| commutatione | exchange | concambiis | Gaulish *kambjon. | Pr. Fr. Oc. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| compellit | he urges | anetset | Frankish *anhattian. | O.Fr O.It O.Po | — |
| concidit | he cut | taliavit | Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| contumeliam | belittlement | verecundiam | CL for 'shame'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. O.Sp Po. | — |
| contumeliam | belittlement | verecundiam | CL for 'shame'. | Pr. Sd. bregunza Sp. O.Po | — |
| coturnices | quails | quacoles | Frankish *kwakla, likely onomatopoeic. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. quacras It. | Pr. O.It Sp. Po. |
| coturnices | quails | quacoles | Frankish *kwakla, likely onomatopoeic. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. quacras It. | Pr. dim Rm. 'partridges' |
| scabrones | hornets | wapces | Frankish *wapsa. | O.Fr Fr. | Pr. It. Po. |
| crebro | sieve | crivolo | The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional is dubious. | Pr. Fr. | — |
| crebro | sieve | crivolo | The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional is dubious. | Pr. Sp. fem Po. | — |
| crebro | sieve | crivolo | The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional is dubious. | Pr. Rm. | — |
| crebro | sieve | crivolo | The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional is dubious. | Pr. dim Oc. It. | — |
| crura | shins | tibia | CL contextual synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ca. 'stem' | — |
| culmen | peak | spicus | CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Fri. Rm. | Pr. It. Po. Rm. |
| culmen | peak | spicus | CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'. | Pr. Oc. Ct. Dl. Sd. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. Sp. |
| cuncti | all | omnes | CL synonym. | Pr. It. Sd. onzi | — |
| da | give | dona | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. | Pr. Oc. dial Rs. dai It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. |
| denudare | lay bare | discooperire | CL cooperire 'cover' with dis as a negating prefix. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'deprive' Sp. Po. desnudar 'undress' |
| detestare | revile | blasphemare | CL synonym borrowed from Greek βλασφημέειν. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. blastemmar It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| dilecta | beloved | amata | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| ducta | led | menata | CL minata 'prodded, threatened' in reference to farm animals. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Rm. |
| emit | he bought | comparavit | CL for 'obtained'. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. 'bought' | — |
| ensis | sword | gladius | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr 'sword lily' | — |
| escas | food | cibos | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. Sp. Po. 'bait' | Pr. Fr. Oc. Po. 'bait' Ct. It. 'bait, tinder' Sp. Rm. 'tinder' |
| exacerbaverunt | they irritated | exasperaverunt | CL synonym. An unprefixed version with a change in conjugation survived in Romance. | Pr. O.Fr O.It | — |
| exaurire | to drain | scavare | CL excavare 'dig out, empty', composed of ex 'out' and cav- 'hollow'. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Rs. stgavar It. Sp. Po. | — |
| exterminabit | he shall extirpate | eradicabit | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Oc araigar Rm. | — |
| exuerunt | they stripped away | expoliaverunt | CL synonym. The unprefixed spoliaverunt survived in Romance. | Pr. O.Fr It. O.Sp Po. esbulharam | — |
| faretra | quiver | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'pillowcase' It. 'pod' Rm. 'case, sheath' | — |
| faretra | quiver | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. O. It Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| faretra | quiver | cupra | Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. | O.Fr cuivre | — |
| fatigatus | tired | lassus | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. | — |
| femur | thigh | coxa | CL for 'hip'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. cossa It. Sd. Sp. Po. Dl. Rm. 'thigh' | — |
| femur | thigh | cingolo | CL for 'belt'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Po. Rm. 'strap, girdle' | — |
| ferus | savage | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | Pr. nom O.Fr Rs. | Pr. nom O.Fr 'proud' |
| ferus | savage | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. Lom. It. Dl. Sp. Po. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. It. 'proud' Ct. Sp. 'wild' |
| fervet | it boils | bullit | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sd. Sp. 'boils' Po. 'fidgets' | Pr. It. 'has a fever' Sp. Po. Rm. |
| fex | dregs | lias | Gaulish *ligas. | O.Fr Fr. | — |
| flare | to blow | suflare | CL flare prefixed with sub. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Rs. suflar It. O.Sp Cnt. asuellar Po. Rm. | — |
| flasconem | flask | buticulam | diminutive of LL buttis 'cask, barrel' from Greek βοῦττις. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. |
| fletur | there is weeping | planctur | An attempt to spell CL plangitur, 'there is mourning'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. O.Sp O.Po changer Rm. | — |
| forum | marketplace | mercatum | CL contextual synonym | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. marchà It. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'extent' Sp. 'law' Rom. 'plaza' |
| framea | type of sword | gladius bisacutus | Bisacutus is LL for 'double-edged', from CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. | Pr. Fr. 'carpenter's tool with two sides' It. 'double-edged' | — |
| furent | they steal | involent | CL involant 'they carry off'. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc Ct. | Pr. It. Rm. |
| furent | they steal | involent | CL involant 'they carry off'. | Pr. It. | Pr. It. Rm. |
| furvus | brown | brunus | Frankish *brūn. | O.Fr acc Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. It. Dl. Sp. Po. | — |
| fusiles | melted | fundutas | Romance past participle of CL fundere 'melt'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. O.It 'melted' | — |
| fusiles | melted | fundutas | Romance past participle of CL fundere 'melt'. | Pr. Sp. 'collapsed' Po. 'smelted' | — |
| galea | helmet | helmus | Frankish *helm. | O.Fr acc Fr. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| genuit | she bore | generavit | CL synonym with more regular conjugations. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| gratia | thanks | merces | CL for 'goods, wages'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. O.It 'thanks, mercy' It. Sp. Po. 'mercy' | — |
| abenas | reins | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'. | Pr. O.Fr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| abenas | reins | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'mare' O.It Sp. Po. 'pack animal' | — |
| arundine | reed | ros | Frankish *rausa. | O.Fr Oc. | — |
| arundine | reed | ros | Frankish *rausa. | O.Fr. dim Fr. | — |
| ebitatum | weakened | bulcatum | Pr. verb based on CL bullire 'bubble, boil'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. 'moved, agitated' It. 'boiled' | — |
| iacinctinas | hyacinth-colored | persas | Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. | Fr. 'blue-green' | Pr. Fr. fem Oc. Ct. |
| hiems | winter | ibernus | Hibernum was a CL synonym | Pr. nom O.Fr O.Oc iverns | — |
| hiems | winter | ibernus | Hibernum was a CL synonym | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. inviern Dl. fem It. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. fem | — |
| horreis | granaries | spicariis | CL spica 'ear of grain' with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. O.Wal spir 'provisions Gm. granary' | Pr. Ct. It. dial orrio Sd. orriu Ast. orru |
| iacere | to throw | iactare | CL freq. of iacere. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sd. Sp. | — |
| ictus | strike | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | Pr. nom O.Fr | Pr. acc Po. row' |
| ictus | strike | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. | Pr. acc Po. row' |
| id | this | hoc | Contextual CL synonym | Pr. O.Fr 'this' Oc. O.Ct 'yes' | — |
| iecore | liver | ficato | CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | Pr. Fr. It. | — |
| iecore | liver | ficato | CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | Pr. Fri. Rm. | — |
| iecore | liver | ficato | CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | Pr. Rs. fio Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| iecore | liver | ficato | CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | Pr. Oc. Ct. | — |
| in caminum | into the furnace | in clibanum | This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus. | — | Pr. Rs. chamin Dl. It. |
| in caminum | into the furnace | in clibanum | This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus. | — | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. dial. 'fireplace, chimney' |
| indutus | dressed | vestitus | CL synonym. | Pr. acc O.Fr Oc. Ct. Dl. Lom. It. Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| indutus | dressed | vestitus | CL synonym. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. O.It | — |
| institis | bandages | fasciolis | CL synonym. | Pr. O.It Rm. | — |
| institis | bandages | nasculis | Frankish *nastila. | O.Fr | — |
| insultaret | that he offend | inganaret | Romance verb based on CL gannire 'to snarl'. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Rm. | — |
| isset | he would have gone | ambulasset | Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. Sp. Rm. | Pr. Lad. jissa Rm. |
| isset | he would have gone | ambulasset | Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. Sp. Rm. | Pr. inf Fr. O.Oc O.Ct Rs. O.It Dl. Sp. Po. Rm |
| ita | yes | sic | CL synonym. | Pr. Fr. Oc. 'actually, yes' Ct. Rs. It. Sp. Po. 'yes' Rm. 'and' | — |
| iuger | acre | jornalis | CL diurnalis 'that which pertains to a day'. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. | Pr. O.Fr 'journal, measure of land' Fr. Oc. It. 'journal' | — |
| iugulate | kill them | occidite | CL synonym | See necetur. | Pr. Rm. |
| ius | law | legem | CL synonym | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. It. O.Sp O.Po |
| ius | law | potestatem | CL for 'power, authority'. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc poestat O.It It. | Pr. It. O.Sp O.Po |
| labium | tub | conca | Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. | Pr. Fr. It. Sp. 'basin, watershed' | — |
| lamento | I wail | ploro | CL for 'I weep'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. O.It Sp. Po. | — |
| laterum | bricks | teularum | CL tegularum 'roof-tiles'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. or Sp. Po. | — |
| lebes | boiler | chaldaria | CL caldarium 'warm bath'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| leva | left | sinistra | CL synonym. | Pr. Fr. Oc. O.It Rs. saniestra O.Sp O.Po | — |
| liberos | children | infantes | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. uffants children' It. 'infantry' O.Sp O.Po 'heirs-apparent' | — |
| litus | shore | ripa | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. riva It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. | Pr. It. |
| ludebant | they were playing | jocabant | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. giogavan Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| luto | mud | fecis | CL for 'dregs, sediment'. | Pr. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr It. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. |
| mala punica | pomegranates | mala granata | Periphrase: 'seeded apples'. | Pr. Oc. Ct. It. O.Sp Sp. Po. | — |
| mala punica | pomegranates | mala granata | Periphrase: 'seeded apples'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | — |
| malus | mast | mastus | Frankish *mast. | O.Fr acc Fr. Oc. | — |
| manipulos | bundles | garbas | Frankish *garba. | Fr. Oc. Ca. | Pr. nom O.Fr O.It Rm. |
| manipulos | bundles | garbas | Frankish *garba. | Fr. Oc. Ca. | Pr. acc O.Fr Ct. Sp. Po. |
| mares | male livestock | masculi | CL diminutive of mares. | Pr. nom O.Fr It. Rm. dial 'male pigs' | — |
| mares | male livestock | masculi | CL diminutive of mares. | Pr. nom O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. mascels Sd. màschios Sp. Po. | — |
| mergulum | diver bird | corvum marinum | Lit. 'sea-crow'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| milites | soldiers | servientes | CL for servants'. | Pr. O.Fr 'servants, sergeants' Fr. 'sergeants' Oc. Ct. Sp. 'servants' | — |
| minas | threats | manaces | CL minacia 'menacing' reinterpreted as a fem noun. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. O.Sp O.Po | — |
| mutuo acceperam | I borrowed | impruntatum habeo | Prefixed deriv. of CL mutuari. Compound tense construction with habeo is characteristic of Romance. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. * Oc. Rm. | — |
| mutuum dare | to lend | prestare | CL for 'provide, furnish'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| necetur | may he be killed | occidetur | CL synonym. In Romance the sense of necare had changed to 'kill by drowning'. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. It. Sd. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. Sp. Arm. |
| nemini | to nobody | nulli | CL synonym. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sic. 'none, futile' | Pr. Rm. |
| nent | they weave | filant | Pr. verb based on CL filum 'thread'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| nonnulli | several | multi | CL synonym. | Pr. nom O.Fr It. Rm. | — |
| nonnulli | several | multi | CL synonym. | Pr. acc O.Fr Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| non pepercit | he did not spare | non sparniavit | Frankish *sparanjan. | O.Fr Fr. * Oc. * It. | — |
| novacula | razor | rasorium | CL rasum 'shaved' with instrumental suffix -orium. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. | Pr. Ct. Sp. Po. |
| noverca | stepmother | matrastra | CL matrem 'mother' with suffix -astra 'wannabe'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | Pr. Arm. nuearcã |
| nosse | to know | scire | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. Sd. Rm. | — |
| nutare | to wobble | cancellare | CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | — |
| ocreas | boots | husas | Frankish *hosa. | O.Fr O.It O.Sp O.Po | — |
| offendas | may you drive off | abattas | CL battuas. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| onager | wild donkey | asinus salvaticus | Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper. | Pr. nom O.Fr | — |
| onager | wild donkey | asinus salvaticus | Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. asen Lig. It. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. dial asen | — |
| onustus | burdened | carcatus | Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros. | Pr. nom O.Fr O.Oc | — |
| onustus | burdened | carcatus | Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| oppidis | towns | civitatibus | LL for 'cities'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. citads O.It It. Sp. Po. 'cities' Rm. 'fortresses' | — |
| oppidis | towns | castellis | CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra. | Pr. nom O.Fr O.Oc It. Sic. | — |
| oppidis | towns | castellis | CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. chastès Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| opilio | shepherd | berbicarius | CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. nom O.Fr | — |
| opilio | shepherd | berbicarius | CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. dial | — |
| opilio | shepherd | berbicarius | CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. Sd. berbecarju Rm. | — |
| oportet | it is fitting | convenit | Had this sense in CL as well. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| optimos | the best | meliores | CL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. megliers It. Sp. Po. | — |
| optimum | the best | valde bonum | Lit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of O.Fr vaudoux and vaupute. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| ore | mouth | bucca | CL for 'cheek'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. Dl. It. Sp. Po. 'mouth' Rm. 'cheek' | — |
| ostendit | he showed | monstravit | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| oves | sheep | berbices | CL vervex 'castrated ram'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Oc berbitz O.It | Pr. Rm. |
| oves | sheep | berbices | CL vervex 'castrated ram'. | Pr. Sd. Rm. | Pr. dim O.Fr Fr. Oc. or dial Ct. Sp. Po. |
| paliurus | Christ's thorn | cardonis | From CL cardus 'thistle'. | Pr. O.Fr acc Fr. Oc. | — |
| pallium | cloak | drappum | Frankish *drāpi. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| papilionis | tent | travis | Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'. | Pr. nom O.Fr | Pr. O.Fr 'butterfly, pavilion' Fr. Oc. It. Sp. 'pavilion' Fr. Oc. Ct. O.It 'butterfly' |
| papilionis | tent | travis | Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'. | Pr. acc O.Fr 'tent, beam' O.Oc It. Po. | Pr. O.Fr 'butterfly, pavilion' Fr. Oc. It. Sp. 'pavilion' Fr. Oc. Ct. O.It 'butterfly' |
| pabula | blister | visica | Vesica could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. 'blister, bladder' | — |
| paria | alike | similia | Contextual CL synonym. | Pr. verb O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rm. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. 'pair' |
| paria | alike | similia | Contextual CL synonym. | Pr. It. Sp. Po. 'resemble' | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. 'pair' |
| pera | bag | sportellam | CL diminutive of sporta 'basket'. | Pr. O.Oc esportella O.It sportella Sp. | — |
| peribet | he bears | perportat | The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet. | Fr. il porte témoignage It. porta testimonianza | — |
| pes | foot | pedis | Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem. | Pr. nom O.Fr O.Oc | — |
| pes | foot | pedis | Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. Lom. It. Dl. Sp. Po. Sd. O.Rm piez | — |
| pignus | pledge | wadius | Frankish *waddi. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. 'will, testament' | Pr. Rs. pegn It. |
| pignus | pledge | wadius | Frankish *waddi. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. 'will, testament' | Pr. O.It Sp. |
| pignus | pledge | wadius | Frankish *waddi. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. 'will, testament' | Pr. Po. |
| pingues | fat | grassi | CL crassi. | Pr. nom O.Fr It. Rm. | — |
| pingues | fat | grassi | CL crassi. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Ct. Rs. Dl. Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| plaustra | carts | carra | Gaulish *karros. | Pr. nom O.Fr It. Rm. | — |
| plaustra | carts | carra | Gaulish *karros. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| pulempta | barley | farina | CL for 'flour'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. farina It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. | Pr. Dl. It. |
| pupillam | pupil | nigrum in oculo | Periphrase, 'the black in an eye'. | Fr. le noir de l'œil | — |
| ponatur | may it be placed | mittatur | CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sd. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. 'lay an egg' It. Sp. Po. Rm. 'put, place' |
| ponderatus | burdened | graviatus | Pr. verb based on CL gravis 'heavy, burdened'. | Pr. O.Fr | — |
| poplite | ham of the knee | juncture janiculorum | Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| poplite | ham of the knee | juncture janiculorum | Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. | Pr. nom O.Fr Dl. zenakle It. Rm. | — |
| poplite | ham of the knee | juncture janiculorum | Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rm. schanugls Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| pruina | frost | gelata | CL gel- 'freeze' with Romance noun-forming suffix -ata. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'drizzle' O.Oc bruina It. 'frost' |
| pugione | dagger | lancea | CL for 'spear'. The glosser may have had in mind O.Fr lancete 'small pointed instrument'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sd. Sp. Po. | — |
| pulchra | beautiful | bella | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. bella Lom. It. Sic. Dl. Sp. Po. | — |
| pusillum | small | parvum | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Po. | — |
| pusillum | small | parvum | CL synonym. | Pr. dim O.It It. | — |
| pustula | blister | malis clavis | CL clavus had this sense as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. 'nail, pustule' O.Oc ' Ct. O.It Sp. Po. 'nail' | — |
| regit | he rules | gubernat | CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. It. |
| remetieur | he shall remeasure | remensurabit | Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. mesirar It. Sp. Po. Rm. | Pr. Sd. Sp. Po. |
| repente | suddenly | subito | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. | — |
| repente | suddenly | subito | CL synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | — |
| reppererunt | they found | invenerunt | CL synonym. | O.Fr *envindrent | — |
| res | thing | causa | CL for 'subject matter'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. chossa It. Dl. O.Sd Sp. Po. | Pr. Oc. Ct. 'nothing' |
| res | thing | causa | CL for 'subject matter'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. chossa It. Dl. O.Sd Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr 'thing' Fr. Oc. dial. ren O.Po ren 'nothing' |
| respectant | they look back | rewardant | Frankish *wardōn 'watch over, protect'. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. vurdan It. Sp. Po. | Pr. It. Po. 'they respect' |
| restant | they stay | remanent | CL synonym | Pr. O.Fr | — |
| reus | guilty | culpabilis | LL synonym composed of culpa 'blame' and -abilis 'worthy of'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. 'guilty' | Pr. It. Dl. Rm. 'bad, evil' |
| reveretur | he fears | verecundatur | CL for 'he feels shame'. | Pr. O.Fr | — |
| rostrum | beak | beccus | CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos. | Pr. O.Fr | Pr. Rm. 'mouth' |
| rostrum | beak | beccus | CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. Rm. 'mouth' |
| rufa | reddish | sora | Frankish *saur. | Fr. 'smoked' Oc. 'yellow' Ca. 'dark yellow' | — |
| ruga | wrinkle | fruncetura | Frankish *hrunkja with Romance suffix -tura. | O.Fr Fr. Ct. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. dial 'street' It. 'wrinkle' Arm. rugã 'sheep-gate' |
| rupem | rock | petram | CL borrowing from Greek πέτρα. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | Pr. It. 'cliff' |
| saga | a covering | cortina | LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. O.Po 'curtain' | Pr. Fr. O.Sp Po. 'skirt' |
| sagma | packsaddle | soma | The same word after a number of Romance developments. Attested as salma in Isidore. | Pr. Fr. 'packsaddle' Oc. 'female donkey' Ct. 'ton' It. 'load' or 'corpse' | — |
| sagma | packsaddle | sella | CL synonym | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sd. Sic. Sp. Po. Rm. 'saddle' | — |
| saniore | healthier | plus sano | Periphrase, 'more healthy'. Synthetic construction typical of Romance. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. Sd. | — |
| sarcina | package | bisatia | CL bisaccium 'double-sack'. | Pr. Fr. Oc. It. | Pr. Rm. Arm. sartsinã |
| sartago | pan | patella | CL synonym | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. padella It. Sic. Sp. | Pr. Oc. Sp. Po. |
| scinifes | gnats | cincellas | Likely onomatopoeic. | Pr. O.Fr It. Ven. Rm. masc | — |
| segetes | crops | messes | CL synonym | Pr. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| segetes | crops | messes | CL synonym | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. | — |
| semel | once | una vice | Romance periphrase: 'one time', from CL vice 'turn, instance'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Sp. Po. | — |
| sepulta | interred | sepelita | Rare CL variant. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. It. | Pr. Dl. It. lit |
| sindone | type of cloth | linciolo | CL. linteolum 'linen cloth'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. lenziel Dl. It. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. lințoliu | Pr. It. |
| singulariter | alone | solamente | Romance grammaticalization of CL ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| si vis | if you wish | si voles | Pr. voles was constructed from such CL conjugations as volunt 'they wish. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. * Oc. Ct. Rs. sche vuls Dl. It. | — |
| solutis | set free, absolved | disligatis | Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | Pr. acc O.Fr O.Oc 'resolved, paid' |
| solutis | set free, absolved | disligatis | Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. | Pr. It. Rm. | Pr. acc O.Fr O.Ct 'resolved, paid' Sp. Po. 'loose, free' |
| solutis | set free, absolved | disligatis | Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. | Pr. It. Rm. | Pr. nom It. 'released' |
| sortileus | fortune teller | sorcerus | CL sorte 'fortune' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. | — |
| spatula | palm frond | rama palmarum | Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form of CL ramus 'branch'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. O.Oc Ct. Sp. 'branch' | — |
| spatula | palm frond | rama palmarum | Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form of CL ramus 'branch'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Dl. It. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| stercora | excrements | femus | CL fimus, a synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. | Pr. It. Po. Rm. |
| stercora | excrements | femus | CL fimus, a synonym. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. Ct. | Pr. Sp. |
| submersi | drowned | necati | CL for 'murdered'. | See necetur. | Pr. It. |
| subtilissima | very thin | perpittita | Of unknown origin. Per is a CL intensifying prefix. | Pr. Fr. | Pr. O.Fr O.Oc sotil O.Ct sotil It. Sd. Rm. |
| succendunt | they set ablaze | sprendunt | CL prendunt 'they seize' with prefix ex. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | — |
| sudario | priest's gown | fanonem | Frankish *fano. The original sense of sudarium was 'sweat-cloth', composed of sudor 'sweat' and locational suffix -ario. | O.Fr Fr. 'papal gown' | Pr. dim Dl. 'handkerchief' |
| sulcis | furrows | rige | Gaulish *rica. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. | Pr. nom It. O.Rm |
| sulcis | furrows | rige | Gaulish *rica. | O.Fr Fr. Oc. | Pr. acc Ct. Sd. Sp. Po. |
| sus | pig | porcus | CL synonym. | See entry for aper. | Sd. sue |
| talpas | moles | muli | Frankish *mul. | O.Fr dim Fr. 'field mouse' | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. masc It. Gal. Sp. masc Po. dial toupa |
| tectum | roof | solarium | CL for 'roof-terrace'. Sol 'sun' with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. dial. Oc. 'loft' | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. or Rs. tetg Dl. It. Sp. Po. |
| tedet | it annoys | anoget | The represents /j/. The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat, a Romance verb derived from CL odium 'hate'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| tedio | monotony | tepiditas | Noun version of CL tepidum 'lukewarm'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. 'lukewarm' | — |
| tereo | I thresh | tribulo | Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', itself composed of tero and the instrumental suffix -bulum. | Pr. O.Fr Ct. It. Sd. triulo Sp. Po. | — |
| teristrum | veil | cufia | Frankish *kuffja. | O.Fr cofie Fr. O.Oc kofa | — |
| teristrum | veil | vitta | CL for 'headband'. | Pr. O.Fr Ct. It. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| torax | cuirass | brunia | Frankish *brunnia. | O.Fr bronie Fr. O.Oc bronha | — |
| trabem | beam | trastrum | From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well. | Pr. O.Fr 'crossbeam' Sp. Po. | See mastus. |
| trabem | beam | trastrum | From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well. | Pr. dim O.Fr Fr. 'trestle' | See mastus. |
| transferent | they will carry over | transportent | CL ferre 'carry' was displaced in Romance by portare, originally a less common synonym. | Pr. O.Fr O.It | — |
| transgredere | go past | ultra alare | Ultra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr aler 'go' of disputed origin. | O.Fr *oltraler | — |
| transmeare | to swim across | transnotare | Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. | Pr. O.Fr *tresnoder O.It | — |
| transmeare | to swim across | transnotare | Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. | Pr. O.Fr Rs. nodar Dl. O.It O.Rm | — |
| transmeare | to swim across | transnotare | Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. | Pr. Oc. Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| tugurium | hut | cavana | Of obscure origin. | Pr. O.Fr Oc. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| turibulum | incense burner | incensarium | LL incensum with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. O.Fr 'incense burner' Fr. 'rosemary' | — |
| thurmas | crowds | fulcos | Frankish *fulc. | O.Fr Fr. fem O.Oc. folcs | Pr. It. Fri. torme Sd. Rm. Alb. turmë |
| tutamenta | defenses | defendementa | CL defendere 'protect' with instrumental suffix -mentum. | O.Fr defendements | — |
| uecors | foolish, senseless | esdarnatus | Frankish *darn. | Fr. dial 'stumbling, impulsive' | — |
| ueru | roasting-spit | spidus | Frankish *spit. | O.Fr nom | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. O.Sp O.Po 'door-bolt' |
| ueru | roasting-spit | spidus | Frankish *spit. | O.Fr acc Fr. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. O.Sp O.Po 'door-bolt' |
| uespertiliones | bats | calves sorices | In CL this would mean 'bald mice'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. | Pr. dim O.It It. Ast. esperteyo |
| uestis | garment | rauba | Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments' | O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Rs. büschmaint Dl. Rm. |
| uim | power | fortiam | CL fortia 'strong' reinterpreted as a feminine noun. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. forza It. Sp. Po. | — |
| uiscera | guts | intralia | Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. | — |
| uiscera | guts | intralia | Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea. | Pr. O.Fr Ct. Sp. Po. | — |
| ungues | fingernails | ungulas | CL for 'claws' diminutive of ungues. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. Rs. It. Dl. Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. | — |
| uorax | devouring | manducans | CL for 'chewing'. Manducare later became the standard word for 'eat' in most Romance languages. | Pr. acc O.Fr Fr. Oc. O.It Sd. | — |
| urguet | he urges onward | adastat | Frankish *haist 'haste'. | O.Oc | — |
| usuris | interest on a loan | lucris | CL for 'profits, wealth'. | Pr. nom Arom. lucri 'objects' | — |
| usuris | interest on a loan | lucris | CL for 'profits, wealth'. | Pr. acc O.Fr 'revenues, assets' Sp. Po. 'achievements' | — |
| utere | use | usitare | CL freq. of utere. | Pr. Fr. Oc. Ct. It. Sp. Po. | — |
| utres | wineskins | folli | CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'. | Pr. O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. It. 'madmen, fools' Sd. Sp. Po. Rm. 'bellows' | Pr. O.Fr Fr. It. Sp. Po. Arom. utri |
| uuas | grapes | racemos | CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes. | Pr. . O.Fr Fr. Oc. Ct. 'grapes' Sp. Po. 'clusters' | Pr. Rs. ieuvas It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. dial aue |
| uuas | grapes | racemos | CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes. | Pr. dim It. 'clusters' | Pr. Rs. ieuvas It. Dl. Sp. Po. Rm. dial aue |