Richard Rumbold was a Cromwellian soldier who took part in the failed 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother James. When the plot was discovered, Rumbold fled the country. In 1685, after Charles II had died and James had become king, Rumbold participated in a plan to drive James from the throne. The plan failed and Rumbold was executed.
Life
The pattern of his character and the details of his life have to be pieced together from scanty evidence. Of his youth we know almost nothing, beyond the fact that as a subaltern in the New Model Army he had been present at the execution of Charles I in 1649, and subsequently fought the Scots Royalists at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650, and again at Worcester in 1651. At some point in his life Rumbold lost an eye, though it is unclear if this was a battle injury or not. Because of this disability, and because of his fierceness of spirit, he was known to his friends as Hannibal. He married the widow of a maltster and thus came into possession of Rye House at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire. After long years of obscurity he emerged as one of the extreme Whig faction at the time of the Rye House Plot, having lost none of his republican radicalism. The plan was to conceal a force of 100 men in the grounds of the house and ambush the King and his brother on their way back to London from the horse races at Newmarket. When the conspiracy was discovered Rumbold fled to Holland, joining other exiled opponents of the Stuarts. In 1685, after the death of Charles II a plot took shape among the émigrés to dislodge James II, his Catholic successor, from the throne. This was to take the form of a two-pronged attack on the British Isles: the first on Scotland under the leadership of Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll; and the second on the west of England under James Scott, Duke of Monmouth. To emphasise the joint nature of the enterprise Rumbold accompanied Argyll to Scotland, and was eventually given a colonelcy in his small army. He was an able officer, and one of Argyll's most devoted supporters. But the whole enterprise, badly mismanaged, fell apart. Argyll and Rumbold were both captured. Rumbold was executed in Edinburgh on 26 June 1685. Argyll, awaiting his own death, said of him: "Poor Rumbold was a great supporter to me and a brave man and died Christianly." Hannibal Rumbold made his own defiant declaration on the scaffold: This speech was rendered famous all over again during the discussions on the definition of treason at the American Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson borrowed from Rumbold's speech when, on June 24, 1826, he completed his letter to the Mayor of Washington, D.C. that served as Jefferson's farewell statement upon the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826. He wrote, "...All eyes are opened or opening to the rights of man. The general spread of the light of science has already laid open to every view the palpable truth, that the mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, nor a favored few, booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately by the grace of God."
