Riparia
Riparia is a genus of passerine birds in the swallow family Hirundinidae.
These are small or medium-sized swallows, ranging from in length. They are brown above and mainly white below, and all have a dark breast band. They are closely associated with water. They nest in tunnels which are usually excavated by the birds themselves in a natural sand bank or earth mound. They lay white eggs, which are incubated by both parents, in a nest of straw, grass, and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow. Some species breed colonially.
The cosmopolitan sand martin is almost completely migratory, breeding across temperate Eurasia and North America and wintering in the tropics. The other species are partial migrants or resident. Riparia martins, like other swallows, take insects in flight over water, grassland, or other open country.
Taxonomy
The genus Riparia was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1817 with the sand martin as the type species. The genus name is from the Latin riparius which means "of the riverbank"; it is derived from the Latin ripa "riverbank".The genus contains six species:
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
| R. paludicola | brown-throated martin | Africa | |
| R. chinensis | grey-throated martin | Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Indian subcontinent to southern China, Taiwan, and the northern Philippines | |
| R. congica | Congo martin | Congo River and its tributary, the Ubangi. | |
| R. riparia | sand martin or bank swallow | Breeding season: practically the whole of Europe and the Mediterranean countries, part of northern Asia and also North America. Non-breeding: eastern and southern Africa, South America and the Indian Subcontinent | |
| R. diluta | pale martin or pale sand martin | central Asia to southeastern China | |
| R. cincta (Boddaert, 1783 | banded martin | Africa from Cameroon and Zaire to Ethiopia south to the Cape in South Africa |
Fossil record
- Riparia minor