Rodolfo Llinás
Rodolfo Llinás Riascos is a Colombian-born American neuroscientist. He is currently the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the NYU School of Medicine. Llinás has published over 800 scientific articles.
Early life
Llinás was born in Bogotá, Colombia. He is the son of Jorge Enrique Llinas and Bertha Riascos. He was motivated to study the brain by watching his grandfather Pablo Llinás Olarte working as a neuropsychiatrist. Llinás describes himself as a logical positivist.Education and early research
Llinás went to the Gimnasio Moderno school in Bogotá and graduated as a medical doctor from the Pontifical Xavierian University in 1959. During his medical studies he had the opportunity to travel to Europe and there he met several researchers in Spain, France and finally Switzerland, where he participated in neurophysiology experiments with Dr. Walter Rudolf Hess, Nobel Prize in Physiology, Medicine, professor and director of the Department of the Institute of Physiology of the University of Zurich. Additionally, while studying medicine he made a theoretical thesis on the visual system under the tuition of neurosurgeon and neurophysiologist Fernando Rosas and the mathematician Carlo Federici at the National University of Colombia. He received his PhD in 1965 from the Australian National University working under Sir John Eccles.Personal life
By graduation in Australia, he was very interested in the biological basis of the mind. During this time he met his future wife who was studying philosophy. His two sons are also physicians and his wife is an Australian philosopher of mind.Llinás was a scientific advisor during the establishment of an interactive science museum located in Bogotá, Colombia called Maloka Museum. Recently, Llinás has donated a T-Rex skeleton to the museum and helped to design a model of the nervous system for the dinosaur fossils.
Work
He has studied the electrophysiology of single neurons in the cerebellum, the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the vestibular system, the inferior olive and the spinal cord. He has studied synaptic transmitter release in the squid giant synapse. He has studied human brain function using magnetoencephalography on the basis of which he introduced the concept of Thalamocortical dysrhythmia.Career
Llinás has occupied a number of positions.- Research fellow, Massachusetts General Hosp.-Harvard University, 1960–61
- National Institutes of Health research fellow in physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1961–63
- Associate professor, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1965–66
- Associate member, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1966–68
- Member, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1970
- Head neurobiology unit, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1967–70
- Associate professor neurology and psychiatry, Northwestern University, 1967–71
- Guest professor physiology, Wayne State University, 1967–74
- Professorial lecturer pharmacology, University Ill.-Chgo., 1967–68
- Clinical professor, University Ill.-Chgo., 1968–72
- Professor physiology, head neurobiology div., University of Iowa, 1970–76
- Prof., chairman physiology and biophysics, New York University, New York City, 1976—2011
- Thomas and Suzanne Murphy professor neuroscience., New York University, 1985—
- University Professor, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology., New York University, 2011—
Contributions
- Discovery of dendritic inhibition in central neurons.
- The functional organization of the cerebellar cortex neuronal circuits.
- Defining cerebellar function from an evolutionary perspective.
- First description of electrical coupling in the mammalian CNS.
- First determination of presynaptic calcium current, under voltage clamp, at the squid giant synapse.
- Discovery that vertebrate neurons can generate calcium-dependent spikes.
- Proposal and Organization of NASA Neurolab Project that flew on April 17, 1998, Space Shuttle Columbia.
- Discovery of the P-type calcium channel in the Purkinje cells.
- Discovery of low threshold spikes generated by low voltage activated calcium conductaces in inferior olive and thalamus neurons.
- A tensor network model of the transformation of sensory space-time coordinates into motor coordinates by the cerebellum.
- Asserting the law of no interchangeability of neurons, which it is known as Llinás' law.
- Direct demonstration of calcium concentration microdomains at the presynaptic active zone.
- Utilization of magnetoencephalography in clinical research.
- Discovery of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in the inferior olive, thalamus and entorhinal cortex.
- The discovery of Thalamocortical dysrhythmia.
- Artificial olivo-cerebellar motor control system as part of the project BAUV of the US Navy developed by P. Bandyopadhyay.
Memberships and honors
- Universidad de Salamanca
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- National University of Colombia
- Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia,
- Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- UNESCO Albert Einstein medal
- Order of Boyaca Awarded President of Colombia for exceptional service to Colombia
- Bernard Katz Award Biohysical Society, Washington USA
- , Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Cajal Diploma given by Queen Sofia of Spain Madrid, Spain
- Ragnar Granit Lecture and Award, Nobel Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Castilla del Pino Lecture and Award Cordoba, Spain
- Nansen Neuroscience Lecture and award Norwegian Academy of Science, Oslo, Norway
- Scholar of the Year Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Society for Neuroscience,
Filmography
- Llinas, el cerebro y el universo. Documentary film, by Gonzalo Argandoña, Cabala Producción Audiovisual, RTVCplay
Selected bibliography
Books
- Hubbard, J.I., Llinás, R. and Quastel, D.M.J. Electrophysiological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission. London: Edward Arnold Publishers 1969.
- Llinás, R. Editor. Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development.
- Precht, W., Llinás, R. : Frog Neurobiology: a handbook..
- Steriade, M., Jones, E., y Llinás, R : Thalamic Oscillations and Signaling. The Neurosciences Institute Publications Series..
- Llinás, R. y Sotelo, C : The Cerebellum Revisited..
- Buzsaki, G., Llinas, R., Singer, W., Berthoz, A., Christen, Y. : Temporal Coding in the Brain..
- Latorre, R., López-Barneo, J., Bezanilla, F., Llinás, R. Biofísica y fisiología celular..
- Llinás, Rodolfo R. and Churchland, Patricia S. Mind-Brain Continuum: Sensory Processes The MIT Press
- Llinás, Rodolfo R. The Squid Giant Synapse : A Model for Chemical Transmission Oxford University Press, USA
- Llinás, Rodolfo. El reto: Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología. Tercer Mundo Editores,
- Llinás, R. .
Book chapters
- Llinas R, Rivary U. Perception as an oneiric-like state modulated by the senses. Chapter 6. In: Koch C. Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain. Bradford Book..
- Llinas RR., Walton KD. Cerebellum. Chapter 7. In: Shepherd GM. The synaptic organization of the brain. 4th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Llinas RR., Walton KD., Lang EJ. Cerebellum. Chapter 7. In: Shepherd GM. The synaptic organization of the brain. 5th Ed. Oxford University Press.
- Llinas, R. R. Neuroscientific basis of consciousness and dreaming. Chapter 3.6. In: Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 8th ed..
- Llinás, R. Electrophysiology of the Cerebellar Networks. Comprehensive Physiology. Supplement 2. Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control.
- Llinas RR., Walton K. Central pain: a thalamic deafferentation generating thalamocortical dysrhythmia. Chapter 4. In: Saab CY. Chronic pain and brain abnormalities. Academic Press-Elsevier.
- Llinas, RR. Oscillation in the inferior olive neurons: Functional implication. Chapter 39. pp. 293–298. In: Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for Graduate Students. Springer
- Llinas, R. R. Consciousness and Dreaming from a Pathophysiological Perspective: The Thalamocortical Dysrhythmia Syndrome. Chapter 3.5. In: Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 10th ed..
Selected review articles
Newspaper articles
- Tribute at National University of Colombia
- The Science Network interview with Rodolfo Llinás
- The New York Times December 8, 2008
- The New York Times October 26, 1999
- The New York Times May 27, 1997
- announcement of election to the