Runic (Unicode block)


Runic is a Unicode block containing runic characters.
It was introduced in Unicode 3.0, with eight additional characters introduced in Unicode 7.0.
The original encoding of runes in UCS was based on the recommendations of the "ISO Runes Project" submitted in 1997.
The block is intended for the representation of text written in Elder Futhark, Anglo-Saxon runes, Younger Futhark, Scandinavian medieval runes and early modern runic calendars; the additions introduced in version 7.0 in addition allow support of the mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes used by J. R. R. Tolkien, and the special vowel signs used in the Franks casket inscription.

Background

The distinction made by Unicode between character and glyph variant is somewhat problematic in the case of the runes; the reason is the high degree of variation of letter shapes in historical inscriptions, with many "characters" appearing in highly variant shapes, and many specific shapes taking the role of a number of different characters over the period of runic use.
The division between Elder Futhark, Younger Futhark and Anglo-Saxon runes are well-established and useful categories, but they are connected by a continuum of gradual development, inscriptions using a mixture of older and newer forms of runes, etc. For this reason, the runic Unicode block is of very limited usefulness in representing of historical inscriptions and is better suited for contemporary runic writing than for palaeographic purposes.
The original publication of the Unicode standard is explicitly aware of these problems, and of the compromises necessary regarding the "character / glyph" dichotomy. The charts published show only "idealized reference glyphs", and explicitly delegates the task of creating useful implementations of the standard to font designers, ideally necessitating a separate font for each historical period.
Glyph shape was taken into consideration explicitly for "unification" of an older rune with one of its descendant characters.
On the other hand, the Younger Futhark era script variants of long-branch, and short-twig, in principle a historical instance of "glyph variants", have been encoded separately, while the further variant form of staveless runes has not.
The ISO Runes Project treated the runes as essentially glyph variants of the Latin script. Everson argued that the native futhark ordering is well established, and that it is unusual for UCS to order letters not in Latin alphabetical order rather than according to native tradition, and a corresponding sorting order of the runic letter Unicode characters was adopted for ISO 14651 in 2001.

Characters

The original 81 characters adopted for Unicode 3.0 included 75 letters, three punctuation marks and three "runic symbols".
The names given to the runic letter characters are "a bit clumsy" in a deliberate compromise between scholarly and amateur requirements.
They list simplified representations of the three names of a "unified" rune in the Elder Futhark, the Anglo-Saxon and the Younger Futhark traditions, followed by the letter transliterating the rune.
The ordering follows the basic futhark sequence, but with variants inserted after the standard Elder Futhark form of each letter, as follows:
Code pointRuneNameElder FutharkAnglo-SaxonYounger Futhark
Younger Futhark
Medieval
16A0FEHU FEOH FE F
16A1V
16A2URUZ UR U
16A3 YR
16A4 Y
16A5 W
16A6THURISAZ THURS THORN
16A7ETH
16A8ANSUZ A
16A9OS O
16AAAC A
16ABAESC
16ACLONG-BRANCH-OSS O
16ADSHORT-TWIG-OSS O
16AEO
16AFOE
16B0ON
16B1RAIDO RAD REID R
16B2KAUNA
16B3CEN
16B4KAUN K
16B5G
16B6ENG
16B7GEBO GYFU G
16B8GAR
16B9WUNJO WYNN W
16BAHAGLAZ H
16BBHAEGL H
16BCLONG-BRANCH-HAGALL H
16BDSHORT-TWIG-HAGALL H
16BENAUDIZ NYD NAUD N
16BFSHORT-TWIG-NAUD N
16C0DOTTED-N
16C1ISAZ IS ISS I
16C2E
16C3JERAN J
16C4GER
16C5LONG-BRANCH-AR AE
16C6SHORT-TWIG-AR A
16C7IWAZ EOH
16C8PERTHO PEORTH P
16C9ALGIZ EOLHX
16CASOWILO S
16CBSIGEL LONG-BRANCH-SOL S
16CCSHORT-TWIG-SOL S
16CDC
16CEZ
16CFTIWAZ TIR TYR T
16D0SHORT-TWIG-TYR T
16D1D
16D2BERKANAN BEORC BJARKAN B
16D3SHORT-TWIG-BJARKAN B
16D4DOTTED-P
16D5OPEN-P
16D6EHWAZ EH E
16D7MANNAZ MAN M
16D8LONG-BRANCH-MADR M
16D9SHORT-TWIG-MADR M
16DALAUKAZ LAGU LOGR L
16DBDOTTED-L
16DCINGWAZ
16DDING
16DEDAGAZ DAEG D
16DFOTHALAN ETHEL O
16E0EAR
16E1IOR
16E2CWEORTH
16E3CALC
16E4CEALC
16E5STAN
16E6LONG-BRANCH-YR
16E7SHORT-TWIG-YR
16E8ICELANDIC-YR
16E9Q
16EAX

The three "punctuation marks" are three variant forms of separators found in runic inscriptions, one a single dot, one a double dot and one cross-shaped.
Code pointRuneName
16EBRUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION
16ECRUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION
16EDRUNIC CROSS PUNCTUATION

The three "runic symbols" are the Arlaug, Tvimadur and Belgthor symbols used exclusively for enumerating years in runic calendars of the early modern period.
Code pointRuneName
16EERUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL
16EFRUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL
16F0RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL

The eight additional characters introduced in Unicode 7.0 concern the Anglo-Saxon runes.
Three are variant letters used by J. R. R. Tolkien to write Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes, representing the English k, oo and sh graphemes.
Code pointRuneName
16F1RUNIC LETTER K
16F2RUNIC LETTER SH
16F3RUNIC LETTER OO

The five others are letter variants used in one of the Franks casket inscriptions, "cryptogrammic" replacements for the standard Anglo-Saxon o, i, e, a and æ vowel runes.
Code pointRuneName
16F4RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS
16F5RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS
16F6RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH
16F7RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC
16F8RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC

Fonts

Numerous Unicode fonts support the Runic block, although most of them are strictly limited to displaying a single glyph per character, often closely modeled on the shape shown in the Unicode block chart.
Free Unicode fonts that support the runic block include Free Unicode fonts: Junicode, GNU FreeFont, and Caslon Roman. Commercial fonts supporting the block include Alphabetum, Code2000, Everson Mono, Aboriginal Serif, Aboriginal Sans, Segoe UI Symbol, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, and Babelstone Runic in its many different formats.
Microsoft Windows did not support the Runic block in any of its included fonts during 2000—2008, but with the release of Windows 7 in 2009, the system has been delivered with a font supporting the block, Segoe UI Symbol. In Windows 10 the Runic block was moved into the font Segoe UI Historic.

Chart

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Runic block:
VersionFinal code pointsCountUTC IDL2 IDWG2 IDDocument
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1210
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1222
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1229
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1230
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1239
3.0U+16A0..16F081 )
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1330
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1382
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081 )
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1443
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1542
3.0U+16A0..16F081N1620
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
3.0U+16A0..16F081
7.0U+16F1..16F88
7.0U+16F1..16F88
7.0U+16F1..16F88
7.0U+16F1..16F88 )

Footnotes