Russian copulation


In cryptography, Russian copulation is a method of rearranging plaintext before encryption so as to conceal stereotyped headers, salutations, introductions, endings, signatures, etc.. This obscures clues for a cryptanalyst, and can be used to increase cryptanalytic difficulty in naive cryptographic schemes. This is of course desirable for those sending messages and wishing them to remain confidential. Padding is another technique for obscuring such clues.
The technique is to break the starting plaintext message into two parts and then to invert the order of the parts. This puts all endings and beginnings "somewhere in the middle" of the version of the plaintext that is actually encrypted. For some messages, mostly those not in a human language, the decrypted version of the plaintext will present problems when reversing the inversion. For messages expressed in ordinary language, there is sufficient redundancy that the inversion can almost always be reversed by a human immediately on inspection.
The English phrase suggests that it originally came from an observation about Russian cryptographic practice. However, the technique is generally useful and neither was, nor is, limited to use by Russians.