Ruthenium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry. The compound is also widely regarded as a prime candidate to realize Kitaevquantum spin liquid state with Majorana Fermion excitations.
Preparation and properties
Anhydrous ruthenium chloride is usually prepared by heating powdered ruthenium metal with chlorine. In the original synthesis, the chlorination was conducted in the presence of carbon monoxide, the product being carried by the gas stream and crystallising upon cooling. Two allotropes of RuCl3 are known. The black α-form adopts the CrCl3-type structure with long Ru-Ru contacts of 346 pm. This allotrope has honeycomb layers of Ru3+ which are surrounded with an octahedral cage of Cl− anions. The Ruthenium cations are magnetic residing in a low-spin J~1/2 ground state with net angular momentum L=1. Layers of α-RuCl3 are stacked on top of each other with weak Van-der-Waals forces. These can be cleaved to form mono-layers using scotch tape. α-RuCl3 came to limelight after it was proposed to be a prime candidate for a Kitaev quantum spinliquid state when neutron scattering revealed an unusual magnetic spectrum, and thermal transport revealed chiral Majorana Fermions when subject to a magnetic field. The dark brown metastable β-form crystallizes in a hexagonal cell; this form consists of infinite chains of face-sharing octahedra with Ru-Ru contacts of 283 pm, similar to the structure of zirconium trichloride. The β-form is irreversibly converted to the α-form at 450–600 °C. The β-form is diamagnetic, whereas α-RuCl3 is paramagnetic at room temperature. RuCl3 vapour decomposes into the elements at high temperatures ; the enthalpy change at 750 °C, ΔdissH1020 has been estimated as +240 kJ/mol.
As the most commonly available ruthenium compound, RuCl3·xH2O is the precursor to many hundreds of chemical compounds. The noteworthy property of ruthenium complexes, chlorides and otherwise, is the existence of more than one oxidation state, several of which are kinetically inert. All second and third-row transition metals form exclusively low spin complexes, whereas ruthenium is special in the stability of adjacent oxidation states, especially Ru, Ru and Ru.
Illustrative complexes derived from "ruthenium trichloride"
RuCl23, a chocolate-colored, benzene-soluble species, which in turn is also a versatile starting material. It arises approximately as follows:
RuCl3x reacts with carbon monoxide under mild conditions. In contrast, iron chlorides do not react with CO. CO reduces the red-brown trichloride to yellowish Ru species. Specifically, exposure of an ethanol solution of RuCl3x to 1 atm of CO gives, depending on the specific conditions, , 2−, and −. Addition of ligands to such solutions gives Ru-Cl-CO-L compounds. Reduction of these carbonylated solutions with Zn affords the orange triangular cluster .
