Sabino Arana
Sabino Policarpo Arana Goiri, self-styled as Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin, was a Basque writer. He was the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party and father of Basque nationalism.
He died in Sukarrieta at the age of 38 after falling ill with Addison's disease during time spent in prison. He had been charged with treason for attempting to send a telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt, in which he praised the United States for helping Cuba gain independence from Spain.
Background
One of the consequences of the First Carlist War was the substitution of the Ancien Régime Basque home rule by a limited still relevant autonomy. A majority in Navarre and the rest of the Basque districts supported the pretender to the Spanish crown Carlos V for his support to their institutions and laws. However, they were defeated in 1839, and Navarre, Biscay, Álava and Gipuzkoa were integrated into the Spanish customs system. Basque industrialists profited from privatization of exploitations and the Spanish captive market with the iron ore and the Bessemer converter, and Biscay became "the iron California". Workers from all of Spain were attracted to the area as labourers for the burgeoning industry.Arana was born in a jauntxo family from Abando, a neighbourhood that had been recently incorporated into the city of Bilbao as the new extension for the growth of the industrial era. Abando was a Basque speaking town, but following the attitudes of the elites in the area of Bilbao during this period, Basque was not transmitted to Arana's siblings within the family. Abando and its port were at the centre of the Zamacolada uprising against attempts by the Spanish premier Manuel Godoy to recruit Basques for the Spanish army, a contrafuero or breach of basic Basque legislation.
In the aftermath of the Third Carlist War, Arana attended the Jesuit School of Orduña along with his brother Luis. Orduña became a hotspot and meeting point for the pro-fueros, primeval Basque nationalists concerned with . Arana claimed that he had a quasi-religious revelation at Easter 1882, one that he communicated to his brother Luis Arana. From then he devoted himself to the nationalist cause of Biscay, later extended to the Basque Country.
Ideology
He was an early defender of the use of the Basque language in all areas of society, to avoid its increasing marginalization in the face of Spanish language penetration, imposed as mandatory in schooling and administration, even certain cultural events. He learned the language as a young man, but was ready to compete for a position as a Basque language professor at the Instituto de Bilbao, contending against Miguel de Unamuno and the winner, Resurrección María de Azkue who became an erudite scholar of the language. He made a strong effort to establish a codified orthography and grammar for the Basque language, and proposed several neologisms to replace loanwords of Spanish origin. Some of these innovations, like the characters ĺ and ŕ, were ultimately rejected in the standardization efforts for the Basque language undertaken since 1968 leading to the establishment of Standard Basque—the Euskara Batua.His first published work was Bizkaya por su independencia, where he calls for the independence of the Biscay district from Castile-Spain, echoing like proposals put forward by Gipuzkoa's governmental representatives to the National Convention officials Pinet and Cavaignac in Getaria during the War of the Pyrenees. The document is a collection of historical events, mythical stories and sometimes inaccurate accounts of earlier battles of the ancient people of Biscay. Just as others nationalist ideologies were doing during the period, e.g. Spanish nationalism, Arana's historic accounts distorted and magnified events from Basque history. Distancing himself from the pro-fueros advocates, Arana refused to demand a reversal of, instead putting an emphasis on the full restoration of home rule suppressed in 1839. He considered the as the act putting an end to the Basque own sources of authority and 'secular Basque independence', as well as a violation of international law.
In 1894, he founded the first center for the new nationalist party,, the second-oldest political party in Spain, to provide a place for gathering and proselytizing. Sabino Arana, like many Europeans of his time, believed that the essence of a country was defined by its blood or ethnic composition. In Spain, the supremacy of the Spanish race and its "civilizing" pursuit over peoples held to be inferior was defended by the main political figures and parties, while a number of intellectuals Spanish and even Basque, including the Socialists, advocated for the extinction of the Basque language—ever more marginalized to family and informal environments. Despite his religious integrism and racist views, he is considered by many Basques to be a gadfly that sparked the movement for the cultural revival of the Basques, and for the freedom of his people. In that respect, Arana defended the Constitutional foundations of the abolished Basque institutional and legal framework. The PNV, the party in power in the Basque Autonomous Community from the end of Francoism, developed along more nuanced and pragmatic lines in respect of religion and views on race, moving away from his most controversial ideas but not from his political persona.
He was a prolific writer, with over 600 journalism articles, most of them with a propaganda purpose. He liked to shock and provoke, in order to get attention from a society that he deemed unaware of its fate. There are two key aspects of Sabino Arana's political persona:
- He was not a conventional conservative; he strongly opposed slavery and defended the right of South African Zulus to their land.
- He was an indefatigable worker, taking action in many areas; he learned the Basque language as an adult, undertook a number of activities to promote the Basque language and culture, created a political movement, and inventing the symbols used to this day not only by Basque nationalists, but other political parties and representatives also, especially in the Basque Autonomous Community.
Racial views
Sabino Arana, coming from a Carlist background, created a xenophobic ideology centered on the purity of the Basque race and its so-called moral supremacy over others, anti-Liberal Catholic integrism, and deep opposition to the migration of Spaniards to the Basque Country.Unlike many contemporary conservative politicians in Spain, he was against slavery in Spanish colonies such as Cuba. He was disturbed by the immigration into Biscay of many workers from western and central Spain during the industrial revolution, into a small territory whose native political institutions had recently been suppressed, believing that their influence would result in the disappearance of the 'pure' Basque race. He presented the Basque as opposed to the maketo :
Legacy
Sabino Arana's ideas are considered to have spawned the Basque nationalist movement. Today, he is viewed by some as a controversial figure, due to his xenophobia and ethnocentrism and his ideas of a pure race.In 2015, a made-for-television movie called Sabin was released.
In February 2017 the People's Party of the Basque Country called for a street named after Arana to be renamed because of his "racism" and because he “made possible the existence of phenomena such as the ETA terrorist group”.
The Partido Nacionalista Vasco has kept only the more moderate part of his message. On the other hand, some Basques still revere him as the father of the Basque nationalist movement, who managed to start the turnaround of the decay of the Basque language and culture. Many Basque cities have streets named after him.
The estate of his Abando home is now Sabin-Etxea, the EAJ-PNV headquarters.
Jon Juaristi has remarked that perhaps the most influential part of his heritage is the neologistic list of Basque versions of names in his Deun-Ixendegi Euzkotarra. Instead of the traditional adaptations of Romance names, he proposed others he made up and that in his opinion were truer to the originals and adapted to the Basque phonology.
For example, his brother Luis became Koldobika, from Frankish Hlodwig. The traditional Peru, Pello or Piarres became Kepa from Aramaic כיפא. He believed that the suffix -e was inherently feminine, and new names like Nekane or Garbine are frequent among Basque females. Even the name of the brother-in-law of the king of Spain is Iñaki Urdangarin, Iñaki being Arana's alternative for Ignatius instead of the Basque traditional Inazio, Iñigo or Eneko.