Same-sex marriage in Alaska
has been legally recognized in the U.S. state of Alaska since October 12, 2014, with an interruption from October 15 to 17 while state officials sought without success to delay the implementation of a federal court ruling. A U.S. District Court held on October 12 in the case Hamby v. Parnell that Alaska's statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriage violated the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the United States Constitution. On October 15, state officials obtained a two-day stay from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which the United States Supreme Court refused to extend on October 17.
Although Alaska is one of a few states which enforces a three-day waiting period between requesting a marriage license and conducting a marriage ceremony, at least one same-sex couple had the waiting period waived immediately after the District Court's ruling.
Same-sex marriage
Statute
In March 1995, State Representative Norman Rokeberg responded to the sudden interest in same-sex marriage by introducing House Bill 227 in the Alaska House of Representatives to add language restricting marriage to the union of one man and one woman to the state statutes. The bill passed the House in February 1996. In March 1996, State Senator Lynda Green introduced Senate Bill 30 in the Alaska Senate, which restricted marriage to "a civil contract between one man and one woman" and forbade the recognition of same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. The bill noted that marriage benefits were not be awarded to same-sex couples in Alaska. It passed the Senate Health Committee, the Senate and the House shortly thereafter. Governor Tony Knowles did not veto the bill, but allowed it to become law without his signature on May 6, 1996.Constitution
In 1998, the Alaska Legislature passed Ballot Measure 2, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, which was approved in a popular referendum on November 3, 1998. The amendment passed with 68% in favor and 32% opposed. The Alaska Civil Liberties Union attempted to prevent the referendum from proceeding, but in August 1998 the Alaska Superior Court held that the proposed referendum and accompanying ballot description were legally permissible.Lawsuits
''Bess v. Ulmer''
In August 1994, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, a same-sex male couple, filed an application for a marriage license which was denied by the Alaska Office of Vital Statistics. They filed suit in the Alaska Superior Court, arguing that their rights to privacy and equal protectionboth of which are referenced in the Alaska Constitutionwere violated by the office's refusal to allow them to marry.Superior Court Judge Peter Michalski ruled in February 1998 that "marriage, i.e., the recognition of one's choice of a life partner, is a fundamental right" and that "the state must...have a compelling interest that supports its decision to refuse to recognize the exercise of this fundamental right by those who choose same-sex partners rather than opposite-sex partners." Although the decision favored a right to same-sex marriage, it did not legalize the practice in the state or abolish Alaska's statutory ban on same-sex marriage. Rather, Judge Michalski directed the parties to set further hearings to determine whether a compelling state interest could be shown for Alaska's ban on same-sex marriage. Following passage of Measure 2, the Alaska Supreme Court invalidated Brause and Dugan's claims, overturned the Superior Court's ruling, and dismissed the suit.
''Schmidt and Schuh v. Alaska''
On April 25, 2014, the Alaska Supreme Court ruled that the state must provide property tax exemptions to same-sex couples just as to married couples. The decision said: "For purposes of analyzing the effects of the exemption program, we hold that committed same-sex domestic partners who would enter into marriages recognized in Alaska if they could are similarly situated to those opposite-sex couples who, by marrying, have entered into domestic partnerships formally recognized in Alaska". On July 25, it ruled that denying survivor benefits to a deceased person's same-sex partner violates the survivor's right to equal protection.''Hamby v. Parnell''
On May 12, 2014, five same-sex couples filed a lawsuit in federal district court in Anchorage challenging the state's same-sex marriage ban. The suit named Governor Sean Parnell as the primary defendant. The state's brief, filed on June 19, said that the questions the plaintiffs raised were political, not legal. It said that under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution "Alaska has the right as a sovereign state to define and regulate marriage" and "Alaska voters had a fundamental right to decide the important public policy issue of whether to alter the traditional definition of marriage as between one man and one woman." District Court Judge Timothy Burgess heard oral arguments on October 10.On October 12, 2014, less than a week after the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review similar cases from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Latta v. Otter and Sevcik v. Sandoval, Judge Burgess ruled for the plaintiffs and declared Alaska's statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. He issued an injunction effective immediately. The same day, Governor Parnell announced that he would appeal the ruling and "defend our constitution." The head of the state Bureau of Vital Statistics commented: "The license application begins the three-day waiting period before the license can be issued. All marriages in Alaska must have the marriage license issued before the ceremony is performed. We expect our office will be busy tomorrow but we will make every effort to help customers as quickly as possible." In Utqiagvik, Magistrate Mary Treiber waived the state's three-day waiting period and married Kristine Hilderbrand and Sarah Ellis on October 13.
On October 13, the state asked the district court to issue a stay pending appeal, which was denied. On October 15, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied the state's request for an indefinite stay, granting instead a temporary stay until October 17 to allow Alaska to attempt to obtain a longer stay from the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court denied a stay and same-sex couples resumed obtaining marriage licenses following the dissolution of the Ninth Circuit's temporary stay.
On October 22, the appellants asked the Ninth Circuit for an initial hearing en banc. This request was denied on November 18, when no circuit judge called for a vote on the motion within the time period set by circuit rules.
On December 4, Attorney General-designate Craig W. Richards was reported to be reviewing the case. Governor Walker, who took office on December 1, said in a statement that he opposed spending on litigation with little chance of success. On February 9, 2015, the state asked the Ninth Circuit to stay proceedings pending action by the U.S. Supreme Court in DeBoer v. Snyder. The court did so on February 27.
Following the ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide, the Ninth Circuit accepted on July 1 a joint notice to dismiss the appeal, filed by the state and the plaintiffs.
After ''Obergefell v. Hodges''
In February 2016, a bill to reflect the legalization of same-sex marriage was introduced in the Alaska Legislature. It would have replaced the terms "husband and wife" with "spouses". Democratic Representative Andy Josephson said the U.S. Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage is not reflected in state laws. The bill touched on a range of areas including adoption, divorce and property rights. The bill died without a vote.In January 2017, a similar bill was introduced in the Alaska Legislature. It passed its first reading in the House on January 18, though similarly died without a further vote.
Statistics
Public opinion
State employee benefits
''Alaska Civil Liberties Union v. State''
On October 28, 2005, the Supreme Court of Alaska ruled, in Alaska Civil Liberties Union v. State, that state and local government programs violated the Alaska Constitution's equal protection provision by extending benefits to public employees' spouses but denying benefits to employees' domestic partners. The court held the programs unconstitutional because they denied benefits to people who are precluded, under Alaska's marriage laws, from becoming eligible to receive them.On November 17, 2006, the Alaska House voted 24-10 in favor of legislation ordering a non-binding referendum for a constitutional amendment to deny benefits to the same-sex partners of state employees. On November 20, the Alaska Senate passed the bill in a 12-3 vote. On December 20, Governor Sarah Palin signed it. On April 3, 2007, Alaska voters, with 52.8% in favor and 48.8% opposed, directed the Legislature to put a constitutional amendment denying benefits to the same-sex partners of state employees to the voters. A bill to place such an amendment on the ballot in November 2008 stalled, and was eventually never placed on the ballot.
Since January 1, 2007, Alaska has provided some limited benefits to the same-sex partners of state employees.