The U.S. Congress passed the Forest Reserve Act in 1891 which contained an amendment, section 24, that gave the president the power to establish federal reserves of forest and rangelands from the public domain. The Yellowstone Park Timberland Reserve was the very first reserve authorized under the Forest Reserve Act in the country. Most people in Southern California recognized and welcomed the reserve system, for it promised to protect watersheds, soil, provide fire suppression and control timber cutting in the mountains. The General Land Office was the federal agency in charge of administering public lands from 1812 to 1934. Conservationist Abbot Kinney, as well as Los Angeles residents and public officials vigorously fought for these land set asides. On November 2, 1891, a petition was sent to the General Land Office requesting the withdrawal of the San Gabriel watershed as a forest reserve. The petition stated, "Water, will be preserved in the mountains, the snow water saved as it melted, the waters protected from pollution by the large droves of cattle and sheep, disastrous floods will be prevented in winter, and the valley's below furnished with water in the irrigation season." Colonel Benjamin F. Allen was sent out from the General Land Office to investigate San Gabriel area and other lands in the western states and filed a report that recommended the reserve be set aside. In 1907, the reserves were renamed "National Forests" by a sub-section of an Agriculture Appropriations bill.
Grazing and fire
Cattle and sheep ranching had long been California's main business with the stock fattening up on public domain lands. Despite the devastating drought in 1863-4, the cattle industry grew until it dominated the region in the 1880s. These American successors to the Mexican rancheros became powerful land barons and their stock competed for choice pastureland with the sheep herds. Because of this, California's grasslands were overstocked causing progressively more damage. Although fire is a natural and necessary occurrence in forest and range ecosystems, it was overused by cattlemen, sheepherders, lumbermen and prospectors in the 1800s. Burning the woods was a practical and efficient way to improve grazing areas. Fires set in autumn left ash and minerals, improving forage in the spring. It also removed obstacles such as fallen logs for the herder and undergrowth that hid the strata for the prospector. In Southern California foothills, an increasing population placed people and property in danger from fire and subsequent flooding. A rising cry of protest was beginning from the towns and cities which was echoed in the newspapers. The United States Geographical Survey reports, dated 1899 and 1900, showed large areas of chaparral had been repeatedly burned and severe damage to soil and water holding capacity had resulted. Another report, this one from the US Bureau of Forestry found poor conditions on the Tujunga, Arroyo Seco, and the Santa Ana watersheds.
Local citizen action
During this time period, Abbot Kinney, a conservationist and Pasadena landowner, saw from his ranch the destruction by the unrestrained use of the San Gabriel Mountains for logging and grazing. In 1886, Kinney, as chairman of the state Board of Forestry, wrote to the governor of California, George Stoneman,
"The necessity of the hour is an intelligent supervision of the forest land and brush lands of California,,,"
In 1890, The Board petitioned the US Congress to properly administer the state's timberlands instead of ignoring them. A fellow conservationist, Theodore Lukens, also pushed for greater protection, but through the planting of trees. Being a citrus grower, he was interested in tree culture and believed this was the best method of restoring destroyed areas on mountainsides and along streams. In addition to these men, local leaders such as the mayor of Los Angeles, Fred Eaton, and General Harrison Gray Otis, publisher of the Los Angeles Times newspaper, supported efforts for watershed protection. They joined forces to lobby the federal government to take action in preventing more damage.
