Scottish Conservatives
The Scottish Conservatives, officially the Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party, is Scotland's centre-right political party and the second-largest party in the Scottish Parliament and Scottish local government. The party has the second largest number of Scottish MPs in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
The Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party was Jackson Carlaw MSP from 14 February 2020, until he resigned on 30th July 2020. He replaced Ruth Davidson MSP, who held the post from 2011 to 2019.
In the 2017 UK general election, the party increased its number of MPs to 13 on 28.6 per cent of the popular vote – its best performance since 1983 and in terms of votes since 1979 - but it fell back to six Westminster seats in 2019. In the 2016 election for the Scottish Parliament the Scottish Conservatives gained 16 seats, making it the largest opposition party, with 31 of 129 seats.
History
Scottish Conservatism pre-1912
Prior to 1912, the Conservative Party organised in Scotland. With the emergence of mass party political organisations in the second half of the 19th century, distinct organisations emerged in Scotland. The voluntary party organisation, the National Union of Conservative Associations for Scotland emerged in 1882, organising a distinct Conservative conference in Scotland.A previous organisation, the Scottish National Constitutional Association, existed from 1867, with the patronage of UK party leader Benjamin Disraeli. The Scotsman newspaper reported that following the 1874 election "Conservative Clubs and Working Men's Conservative Associations have spring up like mushrooms in all parts of ".
From the Representation of the People Act 1884 until 1918, the Liberal Party was the dominant political force in Scotland, operating in a largely two-party system with the Scottish Conservatives. In 1886, the Liberal Unionists had broken away from the Liberal Party in opposition to William Gladstone's proposals for Irish Home Rule. Joint Liberal Unionist and Conservative candidates were run across the United Kingdom, but with the organisations of these parties remaining separate.
The Unionist Party (1912–1965)
Following the merger of the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists to create the modern Conservative and Unionist Party in England and Wales, a committee was formed of the National Union of Conservative Associations for Scotland and regional Liberal Unionist associations which recommended a merger in Scotland. This was agreed in December 1912, creating the Scottish Unionist Association and the Unionist Party.From 1918 and through the 1920s, the Labour Party became more prominent, displacing the Liberals as one of the two main parties in Scottish politics. The Unionist Party had a number of electoral successes, topping the poll in Scotland in a number of elections from the 1930s to 1950s. During the period of its existence, the Unionist Party produced two Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom - Bonar Law and Alec Douglas-Home - and uniquely among parties in the post-war period, achieved more than half of the popular vote within Scotland in the 1931 general election and 1955 general election. The majority of the vote achieved in these two General Elections was combined with the National Liberal Party who later merged with the Conservative and Unionist Party in 1968 alongside the Unionist Party which had already merged into the Conservative and Unionist Party in 1965.
While taking the Conservative whip in the House of Commons, the Unionist Party had a lengthy "unionist-nationalist" tradition, emphasising its Scottish identity within the United Kingdom and the British Empire. This was represented by elected members such as John Buchan and those former Unionists who in 1932 founded the pro-home rule Scottish Party.
Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party
Following a decline in performance, coming second to the Labour Party at the 1959 general election and 1964 general election, the Unionist Party proposed a number of reforms which involved amalgamation with the Conservative and Unionist Party in England and Wales - taking place in 1965. The modern Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, as part of the wider UK Conservative Party, came into existence from this point.However its electoral fortunes continued to decline throughout the 1960s. Following Harold Wilson's failure to obtain a Labour majority in February 1974, a second general election was held in October of the same year which saw the party decline to below 25% of the vote and drop from 21 seats to 16. At the same time, the SNP were to gain an unprecedented 11 MPs, unseating a number of Conservative MPs in rural constituencies.
The party's fortunes recovered somewhat in 1979 under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, but her tenure as Prime Minister was to see the party's fortunes drop further from holding 22 seats in 1979 to 10 in 1987. The party increased its share of the vote and number of MPs to 11 in 1992 under John Major's leadership before dropping to 17.5% of the popular vote and failing to have any MPs returned from Scotland in 1997. It continued to return only a single MP from Scottish constituencies at the 2001, 2005, 2010 and 2015 general elections, before winning 13 seats in 2017.
Following the 2010 general election performance, the party commissioned a review under Lord Sanderson of Bowden to consider the party's future organisation. The Sanderson Commission's report recommended a single Scottish leader, reforms to governance and constituency structures, the creation of regional campaigning centres, greater focus on policy development and a new membership and fundraising drive.
Scottish devolution
The party's commitments to a devolved Scottish Assembly were to decline under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. Previously the party had offered some support for a Scottish Assembly, including in the so-called Declaration of Perth in 1968 under UK party leader Edward Heath. John Major, while endorsing further powers for the Scottish Grand Committee and the Scottish Office did not support a devolved parliament. With the Labour Party's victory in 1997, referendums on devolution were organised in Scotland and Wales, both receiving agreement that devolved legislatures should be formed.In 1999, the first elections to a devolved Scottish Parliament were held. Following the Conservatives electoral wipe-out in Scotland in 1997, devolution provided the party with a number of parliamentary representatives in Scotland. Less than a year following the first Scottish Parliament election, a 2000 by-election was held in the Ayr constituency with John Scott winning the seat from Labour.
In the party leadership elections in 2011, the previous deputy leader Murdo Fraser proposed disbanding the party and creating a new Scottish party of the centre-right, similar to the previous Unionist Party and compared this arrangement to the relationship between the Christian Social Union in Bavaria and the Christian Democratic Union in Germany. The move was opposed by the other three candidates. Victory went to the newly elected MSP Ruth Davidson who suggested that she would oppose further devolution beyond the new powers proposed by the Calman Commission.
The party was one of the three main Scottish political parties to join together in the Better Together campaign opposing Scotland becoming independent in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Following the referendum, and a Conservative majority government was returned in the 2015 general election with David Mundell appointed Secretary of State for Scotland, replacing the previous Liberal Democrat incumbents who served during the 2010-15 Coalition government. The UK Government set about implementing the recommendations of the cross-party Smith Commission, giving a range of new powers to the Scottish Parliament.
Recent elections
2011 Scottish Parliament election
led the party into the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, having successfully campaigned in budget negotiations with the minority SNP Scottish Government for a number of concessions over the 2007-11 Scottish Parliament. This had resulted in commitments to 1,000 extra police officers, four-year council tax freeze and £60m town regeneration fund.With an SNP majority delivered, the Scottish Conservatives were reduced from 17 seats to 15, losing the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency to the SNP, seeing notional loses in Eastwood and Dumfriesshire to Labour. Following the election, Annabel Goldie resigned as leader and a leadership election was held in November 2011 - the first to appoint a Leader of the Scottish Conservatives, rather than the Scottish Parliament group, as required by the Sanderson Commission. Ruth Davidson was returned, beating the original front-runner and former deputy leader Murdo Fraser.
Davidson drove forward a number of the Sanderson Commission's reforms, including replacing the party's Banyan tree logo with a "union saltire".
2015 UK general election
The Conservatives made little advance at the 2015 UK general election compared to 2010, with Scotland's sole Conservative MP David Mundell holding on to his Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale constituency with a reduced majority of just 798 votes ahead of the SNP's Emma Harper. The Conservatives made no seat gains at the election in Scotland, with Conservative targets such as Argyll and Bute; West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine and Angus being won by the Scottish National Party with an increased majority compared to 2010. In spite of this, the Conservatives narrowly missed out on having 2 MP's elected in Scotland, missing out in the Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk constituency by only 328 votes behind the SNP's Calum Kerr: this was the most marginal result in Scotland and the eighth most marginal result in the United Kingdom.2016 Scottish Parliament election
At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election the Scottish Conservative campaign focused on providing strong opposition to the SNP government in Scotland, opposing calls for a second referendum on Scottish independence. The party manifesto focused on freezing business tax rates to promote economic growth and greater employment opportunities; investing in mental health treatment over the course next parliament; a commitment to building 100,000 affordable homes within 5 years and a re-introduction of the Right to Buy scheme in Scotland. The Scottish Conservatives were the only major party in Scotland to oppose higher taxes to the rest of the United Kingdom during the campaign as tax reductions came in force across the rest of the UK which were opposed by the SNP, Labour and Liberal Democrats.At the election the party saw major gains, particularly on the regional list vote. The Conservatives doubled their representation in the Scottish Parliament by taking 31 seats, making them the leading opposition party in the Scottish Parliament ahead of Scottish Labour. On the constituency element of the vote the Conservatives held on to their three first past the post constituency seats, making gains in Aberdeenshire West; Dumfriesshire; Eastwood and Edinburgh Central, where party leader Ruth Davidson stood for election. This marked the party's best electoral performance in Scotland since the 1992 UK general election.
2017 UK general election
Campaigning in opposition to proposals put forward by Nicola Sturgeon and the Scottish Parliament for a second referendum on Scottish independence to be held following the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union in a referendum held in 2016 which was not supported by a majority of Scottish voters, the Scottish Conservatives had their best ever election in Scotland in seat terms since 1983 at the 2017 general election. The Conservatives gained 12 MP's in Scotland to give them 13 in total. The party had their largest vote share in a general election in Scotland since 1979, taking a total of 757,949 votes in Scotland.David Mundell held on to his Dumfrieesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale seat with an increased majority of 9,441 votes. The party also gained the Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock; Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk; and Dumfries and Galloway constituencies to the south of the country, and gained East Renfrewshire on the outskirts of Glasgow.
The Conservatives also took a majority of seats in the North East of Scotland, gaining former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond's Gordon constituency, alongside Moray, the seat of the SNP's Westminster leader Angus Robertson. Other gains for the party in the North East included Aberdeen South; Angus; Banff and Buchan; and West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine. The party took the Ochil and South Perthshire; and Stirling constituencies in central Scotland and missed out to the SNP in Perth and North Perthshire by just 21 votes.
2019 European Elections
The Scottish Conservatives retained their single seat in the European Parliament at the 2019 European Parliament election. Incumbent MEP Nosheena Mobarik was reelected.2019 UK general election
On 29 August 2019, Davidson stood down citing several political and personal reasons for her decision to resign as leader.The Scottish Conservatives lost more than half of their seats in Scotland to the Scottish National Party in the December 2019 general election, albeit with only a 3.5% swing away from the party.
Policies
The Scottish Conservatives are a centre-right political party, with a commitment to Scotland remaining a part of the United Kingdom. It is autonomous from the Conservative Party across the UK in the creation of policy in devolved areas. In August 2006, the-then Leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, said that the party should recognise "that the policies of Conservatives in Scotland and Wales will not always be the same as our policies in England" and that the "West Lothian question must be answered from a Unionist perspective".In certain areas, the party has adopted different policy positions from the UK Conservatives. Following the Sutherland Report in 1999, the party voted with the Scottish Executive in 2002 to introduce free personal care for the elderly funded from general taxation.
At the 2019 general election, the Scottish Conservatives pledged opposition to a proposed second Scottish independence referendum, delivering on Brexit and to strengthen the United Kingdom.
Party organisation
The Scottish branch of the Conservative party is governed by a Party Management Board convened the Party Chairman, currently Robert Forman. The Management Board also consists of the party leader, conference convener, secretary, treasurer and three regional conveners representing the north, east and west of Scotland areas. As of June 2016, these are-- Robert Forman, Chairman of the Scottish Conservatives
- Vacant, Leader of the Scottish Conservatives
- Leonard Wallace, Honorary Secretary
- Bryan Johnston, Treasurer
- Charles Kennedy, East of Scotland Regional Convener
- George Carr, North of Scotland Regional Convener
- Gordon Wallace-Brown, West of Scotland Regional Convener
Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party
The position of leader of the Scottish Conservatives was created in 2011. Between 1999 and 2011, the position listed below was Leader of the Scottish Conservatives in the Scottish Parliament. The new position of Scottish party leader was created following the recommendations of the Sanderson Commission.The position of leader is currently vacant.
| No. | Image | Name | Term start | Term end |
| 1 | David McLetchie | 6 May 1999 | 31 October 2005 | |
| 2 | Annabel Goldie | 31 October 2005 | 4 November 2011 | |
| 3 | Ruth Davidson | 4 November 2011 | 29 August 2019 | |
| 4 | Jackson Carlaw | 14 February 2020 | 30 July 2020 |
Deputy Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party
The position of Deputy Chairman of the Scottish Conservative Party was held by Jackson Carlaw from 1992 to 1998 and Annabel Goldie from 1998 until her election as leader in 2005, after which the position listed below was created.| No. | Image | Name | Term start | Term end |
| 1 | Murdo Fraser | 31 October 2005 | 10 November 2011 | |
| 2 | Jackson Carlaw | 10 November 2011 | 3 September 2019 | |
| 3 | Liam Kerr | 3 September 2019 | Incumbent | |
| 4 | Annie Wells | 14 February 2020 | Incumbent |
Central staff
The party's registered headquarters is at Scottish Conservative Central Office, 67 Northumberland Street, Edinburgh. Between 2001 and 2010, SCCO was housed in an office on Princes Street.The party's central staff is headed by the Director of the Party, currently the Lord McInnes of Kilwinning, who serves as its chief executive. There are also three campaign managers appointed to three defined regions of Scotland.
Scottish Parliament spokespeople
The front bench formulates the party's policy on issues devolved to the Scottish Parliament.| Member of the Scottish Parliament | Constituency or Region | First elected | Current Role |
| Jackson Carlaw | Eastwood | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Europe and External Affairs | - |
| Maurice Golden | West Scotland | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Fair Work and Culture |
| Murdo Fraser | Mid Scotland and Fife | 2001 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution |
| Dean Lockhart | Mid Scotland and Fife | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Business, Infrastructure and Transport |
| Miles Briggs | Lothian | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Health & Sport |
| Liz Smith | Mid Scotland and Fife | 2007 | Chief Whip and Business Manager |
| Adam Tomkins | Glasgow | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Strategy |
| Liam Kerr | North East Scotland | 2016 | Deputy Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party, Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Justice |
| Graham Simpson | Central Scotland | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Housing, Communities and Social Security |
| Donald Cameron | Highlands and Islands | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance |
| Rachael Hamilton | Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire | 2016 | Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy and Tourism |
Electoral performance
In 2017, the Scottish Conservatives became the second-largest political party in Scotland in terms of democratic representation in the Scottish Parliament, constituencies in Scotland in the UK House of Commons and in local government in Scotland, finishing in second place behind the Scottish National Party and overtaking Scottish Labour.District council elections
| Year | Share of votes | Councillors |
| 1974 | 26.8% | |
| 1977 | 27.2% | |
| 1980 | 24.1% | |
| 1984 | 21.4 | |
| 1988 | 19.4 | |
| 1992 | 23.2 |
Regional council elections
| Year | Share of votes | Councillors |
| 1974 | 28.6% | |
| 1978 | 30.3% | |
| 1982 | 25.1% | |
| 1986 | 16.9% | |
| 1990 | 19.2% | |
| 1994 | 19.2% |
Local council elections
| Year | Share of votes | Councillors |
| 1995 | 11.5% | |
| 1999 | 13.5% | |
| 2003 | 15.1% | |
| 2007 | 15.6% | |
| 2012 | 13.3% | |
| 2017 | 25.3% |
European Parliament elections
UK General elections
| Year | Share of votes | Seats |
| 1826 | ||
| 1830 | ||
| 1831 | ||
| 1832 | 21.0% | |
| 1835 | 37.2% | |
| 1837 | 46.0% | |
| 1841 | 38.3% | |
| 1847 | 18.3% | |
| 1852 | 27.4% | |
| 1857 | 15.2% | |
| 1859 | 33.6% | |
| 1865 | 14.6% | |
| 1868 | 17.5% | |
| 1874 | 31.6% | |
| 1880 | 29.9% | |
| 1885 | 34.3% | |
| 1886 | 46.4% | |
| 1892 | 44.4% | |
| 1895 | 47.4% | |
| 1900 | 49.0% | |
| 1906 | 38.2% | |
| 1910 | 39.6% | |
| 1910 | 42.6% | |
| 1918 | 32.8% | |
| 1922 | 25.1% | |
| 1923 | 31.6% | |
| 1924 | 40.7% | |
| 1929 | 35.9% | |
| 1931 | 54.4% | |
| 1935 | 48.7% | |
| 1945 | 40.3% | |
| 1950 | 44.8% | |
| 1951 | 48.6% | |
| 1955 | 50.1% | |
| 1959 | 47.3% | |
| 1964 | 40.6% | |
| 1966 | 37.7% | |
| 1970 | 38.0% | |
| 1974 | 32.9% | |
| 1974 | 24.7% | |
| 1979 | 31.4% | |
| 1983 | 28.4% | |
| 1987 | 24.0% | |
| 1992 | 25.6% | |
| 1997 | 17.5% | |
| 2001 | 15.6% | |
| 2005 | 15.8% | |
| 2010 | 16.7% | |
| 2015 | 14.9% | |
| 2017 | 28.6% | |
| 2019 | 25.1% |