Settled by indigenous cultures over thousands of years, the islands were selected by Spanish colonists as sites for founding of colonialmissions. Historically the Spanish influenced the Guale and Mocamachiefdoms by establishing Christian missions in their major settlements, from St. Catherine's Island south to Fort George Island. Both chiefdoms extended to the coastal areas on the mainland. The Mocama Province included territory to the St. Johns River in present-day Florida. The mission system ended under pressure of repeated raids by English South Carolina colonists and Indian allies. Spain ceded its territory of Florida to Great Britain in 1763. After 18th-century European-American settlement of Georgia and Florida, planters purchased and enslaved Africans for labor. Many were used to work the labor-intensive cotton, rice, and indigoplantations on the Sea Islands, which generated much of the wealth of the colony and state. The enslaved developed the notable and distinct Gullah/Geechee Creole culture and language which has survived to contemporary times. During the American Civil War, the Union Navy and the Union Army soon occupied the islands. The white planter families had fled to other locations on the mainland, sometimes leaving behind their slaves. The slaves largely ran their own lives during this period. They had already created cohesive communities, because planter families often stayed on the mainland to avoid malaria and the isolation of the islands. Large numbers of slaves worked on the rice and indigo plantations, and had limited interaction with whites, which enabled them to develop their own distinct culture. During the war, the Union Army managed the plantations and assigned plots of land to slaves for farming. After President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation became effective on January 1, 1863, more than 5,000 slaves on Union-occupied islands obtained their freedom. After the war, although the freedmen hoped to be given land as compensation for having worked it for so many years in slavery, the federal government generally returned properties to the planters returning from their refuges or exile. Many of the freedmen stayed in the area, working on their former plantations as sharecroppers, tenant farmers or laborers as the system changed to free labor. In 1893 the islands were damaged by the Sea Islands Hurricane. In the 1950s and 1960s the Sea Islands, like other African-American communities, were the scene of intensive activity by the Civil Rights Movement, of which a prominent local leader was Esau Jenkins. In recent years, the islands have been extensively developed for upscale resort, recreational, and residential use.
Major Sea Islands
South Carolina
Charleston County">Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County
