Seirogan


Seirogan[] is a pharmaceutical drug marketed in Japan, sold as a treatment of the digestive tract, whose main active ingredient is "wood creosote"
The name is nominally a registered trademark of based in Suita, Osaka which is still the major market-share holder, but the enforceability of the tradename has been voided by the Supreme Court of Japan, which ruled seirogan to be a common generic name. The ruling only recognizes proprietary use of the bugle logo by Taiko, but not protection of its characteristic packaging. As a result, dozens of extremely similar packaged drugs are being manufactured and sold in the market.

Overview

Seirogan is a general-use medicine, mainly to treat the gastro-intestinal system. It contains wood-tar creosote as its main active ingredient. That ingredient in the West may otherwise go by such names as "wood creosote", "beechwood creosote", or "liquid pitch oil", and should be distinguished from industrial "coal-tar creosote". To emphasize the distinction, wood creosote in Japan is sometimes called by such names as Nikkyokuhō kureosōto and minor variants thereof.
The wood creosote is blended with two or more crude medicines recognized in Chinese materia medica for their antiseptic and other effects, but the additional ingredients used are different among manufacturers. Some quarters insist however that "Seirogan is not strictly speaking kanpō medicine", and this point was emphatically printed in a retraction by a certain consumer-watch type book that criticized seirogan but had confused wood creosote with the industrial type.
In the classic form, it is a dark brown round pill, but in order to mask its distinctive medicinal odor and bitterness, sugar-coated tablet forms have become available as well.

Trademark

The Seirogan name was filed for trademark registration by Taiko Pharmaceutical in 1954, but approximately thirty competitors such as objected, leading to a lengthy battle, petitioning the Patent Office, then later litigating in court. The Tokyo District Court rejected Taiko's claim to proprietary use of the Seirogan name, and the Supreme Court of Japan upheld that decision in 1974. The Supreme Court delivered the opinion that the name seirogan had passed into a common noun, so that use of the Seirogan name by any company was valid, not answerable to the claims of this trademark, and did not constitute an infringement of any intellectually property rights thereof. The court also did not recognize Taiko Pharmaceutical's exclusive right to use the distinctive color scheme and graphic design on the packaged box, with the exception of the product logo depicting a bugle..
As a consequence, there are currently numerous Seirogan products in the market that feature logos other than the bugle but otherwise look remarkably similar: Izumi Yakuhin Kogyou, . The retailer/drug store chain and wholesaler also market their own brands.
In 2005, Taiko filed a lawsuit against a competitor, demanding suppression of what it considered copycat merchandise, but again lost the case in court, and the Supreme Court rejected the appeal in 2008.
The bugle tune being played in Taiko's commercials for the product is the ex-Japanese Imperial Army bugle call to announce mealtime, colloquially known as the Shokuji rappa. The tune used currently by the Self Defense Force is of a different melody.

Medical aspects

Uses and effects

Seirogan is touted to be effective in the following:
  1. Treating and allaying stomach aches, diarrhea, diarrhea due to digestive disorders, food poisoning, vomiting, water contamination, runny bowels warning of diarrhea, soft stool.
  2. Regulating stomach and intestines condition.
  3. Pulpitis-caused tooth cavity aches.
In pre-World War II Japan, Seirogan was believed to combat tuberculosis or aid someone with a weak constitution, and employed as a of sorts

Chemical composition

Taiko Pharmaceutical's Seirogan

Izumi Yakuhin Kogyou's Izumi Seirogan

Matsumoto Pharmaceutical Manufacture Co., Ltd.'s Matsuba Seirogan

History

There are several contending theories regarding the origins of the drug, and several names crop up as its inventor.
The Japanese Imperial Army, which experienced considerable setbacks due to unclean water sources during the Sino-Japanese War at the end of the 19th century, was working on solutions to combat infectious diseases. Surgeon-major Michitomo Tozuka, an instructor at the Military Medical College, discovered in 1903 that creosote agent was an effective suppressant for the typhoid fever pathogen. Taiko Pharmaceutical claims the Osaka-based medicine merchant Saichi Nakajima developed the Chūyū Seirogan a year earlier in 1902 and initiated sales, which business was eventually handed over to Taiko.
The higher echelons of the Army Medical Corps, including writer Mori Ōgai, favored the German view that beriberi, a disease that caused an even heavier death toll than typhoid, was caused by an undiscovered transmittable pathogens. Prompted by their misguided view, the army distributed vast quantities of Seirogan among the troops to be administered daily throughout the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. In an army medical journal of 1901 there is mention of the pill as Kureosōto gan, but in the journals of 1904-5 appears the name Seirogan. The name Seirogan was widely used as the academic term by army doctors for about a 4-year span.
But this was in the days when drug use as preventive medicine was not a widely embraced concept, and soldiers resisted swallowing this weird-smelling and unfamiliar pill, even when so instructed. The top brass decided to invoke the name of Emperor Meiji, telling the men that taking the pill was "according to the wishes of His Imperial Majesty". This subterfuge reportedly greatly improved the soldiers' compliance towards taking the pill, making them less prone to be forced out of action due to stomach aches or diarrhea. The army doctors were however disappointed to find that the pill did not show any of the desired combative effect towards the beriberi microbe. The army insisted on feeding their men pure white rice to boost morale, but that led to vitamin-deficient diet, so that one in three men serving the Russo-Japanese War were afflicted by beriberi, and 27,800 succumbed to it. Meanwhile, the Japanese navy deduced early on that beriberi was a nutritional disorder, and added breads and mugimeshi to their rations, so that none of their servicemen fell ill with beriberi.
While Seirogan proved powerless against beriberi, the antidiarrheal and toothache-soothing properties of the pill were passed on, in somewhat exaggerated fashion, by repatriated war veterans. Amid the mood of victory in war, Seirogan's name became "the cure-all that defeated Russia" and many drug-makers rushed to manufacture the pill, which became a national medicine unique to Japan.
The reputation for the pill's effectiveness also spread within areas under Japanese control before the end of World War II, and Seirogan is said to be one of the popular items purchased by travelers from Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, and other Asian countries.
The pill ceased to be part of regular military issue supplies in 1906, but the military continued to keep itself constantly supplied for use. In 2007, it was part of the supply kit issued to the SDF during the UN Mission in Nepal.
After the war with Russia, and again after World War II, administrative guidance was issued against the use of the kanji character 征 as being undesirable from the standpoint of international relations. So in most cases, the written name of the pill was changed to 正露丸. Taiko Pharmaceutical made the change in 1949. But one manufacturer Nihon Iyakuhin Seizō still uses the old written form that reads "conquer".

Intellectual property rights dispute

Taiko's trademark registration and Izumi's lawsuit to revoke trademark

In 1946, the leading manufacturer of the pill, had obtained through formal negotiation with Saichi Nakajima the right to continue selling his "Chūyū Seirogan" pill. Accordingly, in 1954, Taiko made a claim for the exclusive use of the "Seirogan" name, and filed for trademark registration.
Other manufacturers of the seirogan-type pill objected to this move, led by, which had developed its own creosote formula, and had supplied the military with its seirogan throughout World War II despite supply shortages. The group petitioned the Patent Office in April 1955 to revoke the trademark. It was not until April 1960, that the Patent Office handed down its decision to maintain the registered trademark. So the group filed a suit in the Tokyo High Court, which in September 1971, ruled that "The seirongan is recognized by the nation's populace as a common name for bowels-regulating agents that use creosote as main ingredient, and rules to void the Patent Office's decision to make it a proprietary trademark". This ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court of Japan, thus finalizing the decision in March 1974.
However, the Seirogan registered trademark is still retained by Taiko Pharmaceutical. It is not clear why the registered trademark remains unexpunged despite the supreme court ruling, but a trademark registration does not vanish automatically, and needs to go through a Patent Office review process. The Patent Office may have surmised that the Court's ruling effectively accomplished the purpose or remedy sought by the petitioners, obviating the need for another review. The Court's opinion made it expressly clear that the name Seirogan had passed into a common noun, which meant that the trademark privileges upon it was not protected or enforceable pursuant to Japan's Trademark Act, Article 26, Paragaraph 2.
Thus companies other than Taiko are allowed to sell the drug under the "Seirogan" name, without this constituting an infringement of trademark. Taiko's attempted litigation in 2005-8 also failed to establish its proprietary rights. But the Court's opinion curiously left open a leeway, allowing for possible future reversal depending on the shift in popular convention. Seirogan is one of few pharmaceutical drugs names thus given public domain status, aspirin being another immediately called to mind.

Taiko's petition for an injunction against unfair competitive practices

On November 24, 2005, Taiko Pharmaceutical filed a suit against Izumi Yakuhin Kogyou in the, claiming the sales of merchandise with similar packaging constituted an act of unfair competitive practice under 2.1.1 or 2.1.2, and was an infringement of its trademark rights. On July 27, 2006, The Osaka District Court ruled against the plaintiff saying a distinction can be made between the bugle and calabash logos. Taiko then appealed on August 7, but the Osaka High Court upheld the decision, and the Supreme Court's second rejected against hearing the case on July 4, 2008, which finalized Taiko's loss in this lawsuit.
But in the opinion read by the court contained this passage: "Whether a certain label is a common name or not is an issue pertaining to perception by users, so even if a label has been regarded as a common name within a certain period, it may later come to be perceived as denoting a specific product as a matter of the ongoing real situation of its commerce, and it is not impossible for it to regain its source designator purpose".

Misinformed drug risk accusation controversy

The primary active ingredient used in seirogan is wood-tar creosote. This was listed merely as "creosote" in the first edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, a Ministry of Health issued guidebook, and remained so for a time, until it was listed more specifically as moku-kureosōto in the fifteenth revised first supplement dated 2007, making this the official name. In addition, "a long-term safety study in rats documented a lack of oncogenicity for wood creosote" The second supplement then defined the coal-derivative kureosōto-yu as a separate commodity. The wood-tar creosote is commonly called "Nikkyoku creosote" as a means to distinguish from potentially harmful industrial creosote.
These recent naming conventions were prompted by a controversy set off by a consumer alert booklet, that anthologized a series run in the magazine . The booklet accused seirogan'' of its dangers, based on the mistaken notion that the wood-tar creosote and the industrial creosote oil were identical commodities.